Test 1 Flashcards
What are the steps to model development?
- Primary hypothetical constructs are operationally defined.
- Processed that link the constructs are identified and defined.
- The set of constructs and processes are used to explain individual differences.
- The explanations organize and integrate behavior, and incorporate the person and their environment.
What are models built from?
The theorist’s perspective or naive model. The idea may or may not be based on existing knowledge or research.
When published, what is one concern?
The constructs and assumptions of the model must be testable, should be based on existing empirical knowledge in the relevant areas, and should be based on something ore than one person’s experience in the world.
What does a model do?
Explain and predict behavior, classify abnormal behavior (diagnose), and to suggest methods for changing behavior. A model of psychotherapy is derived from the core model and interventions are developed.
Examination and debate entails….?
Propositions based on the model or it’s assumptions are subjected to empirical examination. The model is debated at length scientifically and professionally.
What about examination of interventions?
Interventions based on the model are examined clinically and empirically. Over time, the field teaches some consensus regarding the appropriateness/suitability of the interventions; although this is not a simple process and the debate often goes on and on.
Key elements of a personality model are:
- A set of testable hypothetical constructs; which
- Organize and integrate human behavior
- Explain individual differences
- Explain how people interact with and influence the environment, and reciprocally how the environment influences the person.p
Relationship between theory and stages of clinical activity:
Personality model ->
(Explain normality)
Psychopathology ->
(Delineate and explain abnormal dysfunction) |
V
Psychotherapy model ->
(Expand above to applied domains - behavior change)
Assessment process ->
(Collect and organize data consistent with model)
Case conceptualization ->
(Individual described and dysfunctions explained via the model - application of the model to the individual case)
Treatment plan ->
(Based on case conceptualization, specific tx procedures to be used with this case)
Treatment implementation ->
(Specific variations related to the individual case)
Evaluation and outcomes
(Monitoring actual to implementation.
Monitoring anticipated short term changes, both specific and more general. Assessing long term outcomes)
First three weaknesses of naive models are?
- Overly trait-based - tend to assume that the relevant behavior is cross-situationally and cross-temporary consistent. This is rarely the case.
- Non-representative - there is no basis to assume your life is or has been representative of others. Therefore your experience alone cannot be used to accurately understand, recommend, or predict the behavior of others.
- Egocentric and idiosyncratic - N of 1, with each experience filtered through all prior experience. Naive models become less objective with each new experience.
2nd set of weaknesses of naive models is?
- Highly subject to over generalization/simplification/inaccurate categorization - stereotyping.
- Learned observationally (modeled), not experimentally, so never empirically verified.
- Learned observationally (modeled), so much of a naive model is learned implicitly and non verbally. If we are unable to articulate how we reach a conclusion, we cannot use it professionally.
How does the model help the therapist?
Informs assessment and provides basis for conceptualization: forms and areas of assessment.
Determines relevance of information, prioritizes case information.
Provides structure of organizing and integrating the case information.
What does the model result in for the therapist?
- A summary of most important information in case.
- Delineation of problems and diagnosis it applicable.
- A higher level if understanding of case related to model.
- A treatment plan related to the problems and diagnosis.
- An understanding of potential difficulties in treatment and how to tailor the treatment to the person.
How does the model help the client?
Provides an alternative view and understanding of their problems and life as a whole (although most won’t go that far.
Provides a framework and language that the client and therapist can mystically use in treatment. As the client begins to use the model, they better understand their own difficulties, can communicate better with us, and we can better understand them as persons.
Successful conversion to the model (for at least some area of his/her life) normally results in more functional behavior on client’s part.
Social cognition conception of personality:
Environment -> person -> behavior -> outcome
Personality is a set of person constructs learned from the interaction of the person with his/her perceived social environment.
Observational learning is important to social learning and learning beliefs, attitudes, and values.
What are important categories of person variables?
Competences and self regulatory skills Encoding strategies Expectancies Affects Goals and outcomes
