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Honors Biology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism:

2

A
  • sum total of an organism’s chemical reactions

- arises from interactions between molecules within the cell

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2
Q

Metabolic Pathways:

2

A
  • begin with specific reactants and end with specific products
  • for each step, multiple specific enzymes are needed
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3
Q

Catabolic Pathway:
(2)
ex (2)

A
  • breaks down complex molecules into similar smaller components
  • releases energy
  • proteins to amino acids; cellular respiration
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4
Q

Anabolic Pathway:
(2)
ex (2)

A
  • build complex molecules from simpler components
  • absorb energy
  • amino acids to proteins and photosynthesis
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5
Q

Energy (definition)

A

the capacity to cause change (do work)

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6
Q

3 Forms of Energy:

A
  • kinetic
  • potential
  • chemical
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7
Q

Definitions:

  • kinetic energy
  • potential energy
  • chemical energy
A
  • kinetic: energy of motion (atoms molecules; heat/thermal)
  • potential: energy based on position/gravity/structure
  • chemical: potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction
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8
Q

Thermodynamics definition

A
  • study of transformations of energy
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9
Q

Isolated vs Open Systems

which are living things?

A
  • isolated: energetically isolated from the surrounding environment (thermos)
  • impossible to be absolute*
  • open: allow transfer of energy to and from surrounding environment
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10
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics

A

the energy of the universe is constant; can be transferred or transformed but cannot be created or destroyed

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11
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe

entropy: measure of disorder/randomness

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12
Q
  • spontaneous

ex

A
  • can occur without input (doesn’t have to happen fast); release energy and increase entropy
  • iron rusting
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13
Q
  • nonspontaneous

ex: 2

A
  • cannot occur without an input of energy
  • energetically unfavorable
  • locally decrease entropy (increase universal; lose some heat energy)
  • making glucose, forming polymers
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14
Q

Cells create order from disorder by

A
  • making energy more ordered/usable

- organisms replacing ordered forms of energy with less ordered forms

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15
Q

Free energy determines:
definition of free energy
spontaneous or non-spontaneous

A
  • whether a reaction will be spontaneous
  • energy that can be used to do work when temperature/pressure are uniform (living cells)
  • negative ^G is spontaneous
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16
Q

Spontaneous processes can be used to?

A
  • perform work based by energy coupling
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17
Q

Equilibrium: (2)

diffusion

A
  • products and reactants have equal concentrations
  • molecules move from a high concentration to a low concentration
  • bad for living things (means they aren’t metabolizing)
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18
Q

exergonic reaction (exothermic) - 4

A
  • releases energy
  • more complex to simpler
  • spontaneous; catabolic
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19
Q

endergonic reaction (endothermic) - 4

A
  • absorbs energy
  • simple to complex
  • non-spontaneous; anabolic
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20
Q

Respiration of glucose

A

6CO2+6H2O —-> C6H12O6+6O2

21
Q

Equilibrium and Metabolism:
closed systems?
open systems?
metabolism?

A
  • reactions will reach equilibrium and do no work in a closed system (non-living)
  • cells are open systems that are not in equilibrium (must transfer energy)
  • metabolism is never at equilibrium
22
Q

Catabolic Processes:

A

release energy in a series of steps

23
Q

Cellular Work:

3

A

chemical
transport
mechanical

24
Q

Cellular Work:
chemical
transport
mechanical

A
  • chemical - synthesis of polymers from monomers
  • transport - pumping ions against concentration gradient
  • mechanical - beating of cilia
25
Q

Cells manage energy by?

A
  • energy coupling (exothermic drives endothermic)
26
Q

Glucose is highly exergonic.

Why doesn’t it combust at room temperature?

A
  • lacks the initial energy to start the reaction
27
Q 
ATP functions as
composed of (3)
A
  • the energy shuttle of cells

- ribose, adenine, 3 phosphate groups (neg charge of phosphates causes it to coil like a spring)

28
Q

ATP ADP + P

phosphorylated intermediate

A
  • exothermic

- molecule that receives a phosphate group (unstable)

29
Q

ATP needed by

A
  • neurons and muscles as energy
30
Q

ATP

ADP to ATP

A
  • renewable process in the cell

- comes from catabolic reactions in the cell

31
Q

Catalyst:
Enzyme:

A
  • speeds up reaction rates without being consumed or changed
  • enzyme: catalytic protein
32
Q

Pectin:
Pectinase:

A
  • holds together plant cell walls (glue of walls)

- ase: digests/breaks down pectin

33
Q

Activation Energy (2)

A
  • initial eery needed to start a reaction
  • outside body, this is supplied by thermal energy absorbed from the environment
  • enzymes lower activation energy
34
Q

Catabolic Reactions:

Why are enzymes necessary?

A
  • release potential chemical energy and are spontaneous and high in free energy
  • normal cellular temperatures are not high enough which is good because they aren’t specific to needed reactions and temperature denatures proteins
  • enzymes don’t change ^G, just make the reaction faster
35
Q

Substrate
Enzyme-substrate complex
Active site

A
  • specific reactants that an enzyme acts on
  • enzyme + substrate
  • one or more pockets on the surface of the protein (complementary to substrate)
36
Q

Induced fit model

A
  • active site isn’t rigid (like plastic gloves vs a lock and key)
37
Q

Function of Active Sites:

3

A
  • 2 substrates - orients them in a particular way to break bonds
  • strains bonds
  • favorable environment for bond breaking (polar or non polar; pH)
38
Q

Denaturation:

A

destruction of bonds that cause protein structures to form and be stable

39
Q

Factors that effect enzyme activity:

because?

A
  • temperature
  • pH (H+ can interfere with bonds)
  • salt concentration (ions/charges)
  • substrate concentration (solute vs solvent)
    changes shape of active site
40
Q

Enzymes and pH:

A
  • most enzymes are active over a narrow pH range (have optimal pH)
41
Q

Enzymes and Temperature:

optimum temperature

A
  • fastest conversion from reactants to products

- higher temperatures cause collisions between active sites and substrates to increase rate (usually)

42
Q

Substrate Concentration:
vmax
high substrate

A
  • vmax: maximum rate at which enzymes catalyze a reaction (all enzymes are busy because they’re bound to substrate)
  • [high substrate] leads to engagement of all active sites which means reaction rate will not continue to be increased (to increase rate more, increase [enzyme])
43
Q

Non-Protein Catalytic Helpers:

A
  • cofactors (inorganic; iron, copper, manganese, or zink; catalase)
  • coenzymes (organic; usually vitamins; electron carriers; NAD+, NADP, FAD+, Coenzyme A)
44
Q

Enzyme Inhibitors - Decrease Activity
Importance?
competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors

A
  • negative feedback mechanisms (prevent chaos)
  • competitive: mimics shape of substrate to take up enzyme active sites
  • noncompetitive: bind to non-active site surface of protein (cause change in shape of active site)
  • competitive inhibitor: more substrate reduces inhibitor
45
Q

Feedback Inhibition:

A
  • noncompetitive inhibitors

- prevents cells from wasting resources and lowers chaos

46
Q

Enzymes for Cellular Respiration:

A
  • live in mitochondria

- break down many things (not just glucose)

47
Q

Aerobic Respiration:

Anaerobic Respiration:

A
  • aerobic: requires oxygen; most efficient; polymers to monomers
  • anaerobic: doesn’t require oxygen; least efficient; partial but not complete
48
Q

Catabolism is Versatile:

A
  • glycolysis and the citric acid cycle funnels electrons from organic molecules
  • breaks down carbohydrates, proteins (removes amino groups - deamination), fatty acids (beta oxidation), and glycerol
  • gets 2x as much energy from lipids as carbs
49
Q

Aerobic Respiration: (steps)

A
  1. glycolysis - oxidation of pyruvate
  2. citric acid cycle
  3. oxidative phosphorylation - electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

Honors Biology (2 decks)

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