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Honors Biology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Primordial Soup Theory:

A

theory of origin of life on earth; described a possibility for where life originated (organic molecules from salt water)

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2
Q

Water makes up: (2)

states/importance

A
  • 70% of Earth
  • 70% of human body
  • solid, liquid, and gas
  • almost universal solvent
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3
Q

Structure of Water:

A
  • polar molecule
  • forms hydrogen bonds (in all 3 states)
  • covalent bonding
    (H-bonds: S > L > G)
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4
Q

Definitions:
Cohesion
Adhesion
Surface Tension:

A
  • cohesion: linking of same molecules through hydrogen bonds (water ^ in plants)
  • adhesion: attraction between different substances (water to plant cell walls)
  • surface tension: measure of the force necessary to bend or break the surface of a liquid
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5
Q

4 Major Properties of H2O:

A
  1. cohesion/adhesion
  2. Temperature Moderation
  3. Floating of Ice
  4. Solvent of Life
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6
Q

Bodies of Water:

A

moderate temperature by releasing heat to cooler air and absorbing heat from warmer air; can absorb/release large amounts of heat without significant change due to its high specific heat (attempts to gain an equilibrium; cools through evaporative cooling)

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7
Q 
Definitions:
Heat: 
Temperature:
Specific Heat: 
Heat of Vaporization:
A
  • heat: measure of total kinetic energy due to molecular movement
  • temperature: measure of intensity due to average kinetic energy
  • specific heat: amount of heat required to heat 1g of a substance 1 deg C
  • heat of vaporization: amount of heat required to vaporize 1g of a liquid
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8
Q

Why Does Ice Float?

Why is this important?

A
  • ice has maximum number of H-bonds, it is more ordered, and less dense than liquid h2o
  • this is important because, if ice sank, all bodies of water would eventually freeze over
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9
Q 
Definitions:
solution
solute
solvent
aqueous solution
colloid
A
  • mixture of 2 or more substances (liquid)
  • substance that is dissolved in a solvent
  • a liquid in which a solute is dissolved
  • when water is the solvent
  • suspended fine particles (i.e. not clear)
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10
Q

Hydration Shell:

A
  • h2o breaks up ionic bonds and forms a shell around each ion due to charge attractions (dissolves)
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11
Q

Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic

A

Hydrophilic: affinity for water (ionic, polar covalent)
Hydrophobic: lacks affinity for water (non-polar covalent; lipids)

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12
Q

Acids and Bases (pH)

Buffers:

A
  • acid: donates proton (H+)
  • base: accepts proton (P+)
  • pH: high - basic, low - acidic, 7- neutral
  • buffers regulate pH and help resist changes in pH (acid-base pairs)
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13
Q

Carbon:

A
  • backbone of life (large, diverse molecules)

- simple to complex molecules

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14
Q

Carbon: Valence Shell and Bonding

A
  • 4 valence e-
  • forms covalent bonds
  • can bond with large variety of molecules
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15
Q

Carbon Skeletons Vary due to:

A
  • length
  • branching points
  • double bonds
  • cyclohexane structures
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16
Q

Hydrocarbons:

2

A
  • made of H and C

- release large amounts of energy (fossil fuels)

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17
Q

Isomers:

definition; 3 types

A
  • compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ structurally
    1. cis/trans
    2. structural
    3. enantiomers
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18
Q

Structural Isomer:
Cis/Trans Isomer:
Enantiomer:

A
  • different structural arrangement of atoms
  • same or opposite sides of a carbon
  • nonsuperimposable mirror image
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19
Q

Enantiomers:

A
  • important pharmaceutically
  • usually only 1 isomer is biologically active
  • organisms are very sensitive to subtle variations
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20
Q

Functional Groups:

A
  • function to make organic molecules more soluble
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21
Q

Hydroxyl: (3)

A
  • -OH
  • alcohols
  • polar; hydrogen bonding
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22
Q

Carbonyl: (1; 2 types)

A
  • carbon-oxygen double bond
  • aldehydes: at end of skeleton
  • ketones: in middle of skeleton
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23
Q

Carboxyl: (2)

A
  • COOH

- carboxylic acids (donates H+)

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24
Q

Sulfhydryl: (4)

A
  • SH
  • thiols
  • amino acid - cysteine
  • stabilizes proteins
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25
Q

Phosphate: (2)

A
  • -OPO32-

- contribute negative charge/release energy

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26
Q

ATP:

adp/atp: 1

A
  • adenosine triphosphate: primary energy transferring molecule in our cells (atp - catabolic; releases energy adp - anabolic stores energy)
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27
Q

Methyl

A
  • -CH3
  • NOT POLAR
  • important in sex hormones/gene expression
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28
Q 
Definitions
Macromolecules 
Carbohydrates
Lipids 
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
*
A
  • large molecules composed of thousands of COVALENTLY connected atoms
  • fats, phospholipids, and steroids
  • proteins: enzymes and many more
  • nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
  • structure and function are inseparable*
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29
Q

Polymers (2- 1=3) and Monomers

A
  • polymer: long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (covalent)
  • carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
  • monomers: small, similar building blocks
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30
Q

Dehydration vs Hydrolysis

A

Dehydration: removing water in order to free electrons in order to form polymers
Hydrolysis: using water to break a polymer up into monomers

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31
Q 
Carbohydrates: 
definition
function
3 types
A
  • sugars and their polymers
  • fuel and building material
  • monosaccharides: single sugars
  • disaccharides: double sugars
  • polysaccharides: polymers composed of many monosaccharides
32
Q 
Monosaccharide: 
definition
most common
classification
*
A
  • single sugar (multiples of CH2O)
  • glucose
  • # carbons (3,5,6, or 7)
  • location of carbonyl (altose-end ketoses-middle)
  • arrangement around asymmetrical carbons
  • forms rings in water
33
Q

Disaccharide:

2

A
  • formed by dehydration reaction

- its covalent bonding is known as glycosidic linkage

34
Q

Storage Polysaccharides:

2

A
  • starch

- glycogen

35
Q

Structural Polysaccharide:

1

A
  • cellulose
36
Q

Starch:

what is it?

A
  • storage polysaccharide for plants
  • has glucose monomers
  • stored as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids
  • simplest is amylose
37
Q

Glycogen: (2)

what is it?

A
  • storage polysaccharide in humans/animals

- stored in liver and muscles

38
Q

Cellulose: (3)

what is it?

A
  • structural polysaccharide in plants
  • major component of plant cell walls
  • polymer of glucose but glycosidic linkages differ based on the 2 structural isomers of glucose (position of OH)
39
Q

Chitin: (2)

A
  • found in arthropod exoskeletons

- provide structural support for cell walls of fungi

40
Q

Lipids:
(2)
3 examples

A
  • hydrophobic (non-polar)
  • don’t form polymers (no monomers)
  • fats, phospholipids, and steroids
41
Q

Fats:
made from?
(2-deff)

A
  • formed of glycerol and fatty acid
  • glycerol: 3 carbon alcohol
  • fatty acid: carbonyl group attached to long carbon chain
42
Q

fatty acids joined to glycerol by

A

ester linkage

43
Q

Saturated vs Unsaturated

A
  • saturated: maximum # of hydrogens possible (no double bonds) - solid
  • unsaturated: 1 or more double bonds - liquid
44
Q

Hydrogenation

3

A
  • process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats through adding hydrogens
  • creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds (trans fats)
  • increases cardiovascular disease
45
Q

Unsaturated Fats:

2

A
  • essential fatty acids aren’t manufactured in the body

- need Omega 3 fatty acids for normal growth and development (may protect against cardiovascular disease)

46
Q

Phospholipid:

3

A
  • 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol
  • assemble a bilayer in water (heads out, tails in)
    _ major component in cell membranes
47
Q

Steroids:

2

A
  • characterized by a carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings

- precursor for hormones

48
Q

Protein Function:
(7)
includes

A
  • structural support, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and defense
  • enzyme: catalysts regulate metabolism
49
Q

Amino Acids:

2

A
  • organic molecules with carboxyl and amino acid groups

- differ due to side chains (r groups)

50
Q

Monomer of proteins?

A

amino acids :)

51
Q

Hydrophobic R groups: (2)

A
  • mostly Carbon and Hydrogen

- non polar side chains

52
Q

Hydrophilic R groups: (2)

A
  • polar side chains

- not Carbon and Hydrogen

53
Q

Identifying Acidic or Basic R groups:

*

A
  • acidic: negative charge
  • basic: positive charge
  • hydrophilic
54
Q

Amino Acid Polymers:

A
  • linked by covalent peptide bonds
55
Q

Polypeptides: (4)

A
  • many monomers (not necessarily functional)
  • unique linear sequence of amino acids
  • make up proteins
  • carbonyl and (c-terminus) amino (a-terminus)
56
Q

globular proteins:
fibrous proteins:
lysozyme:
groove:

A
  • spherical
  • long fibers
  • enzyme found in tears and sweat
  • important for binding bacteria
57
Q

Antibodies and Flu Virus Proteins:

2

A
  • complimentary shape

- structure and function are linked

58
Q

primary structure:
secondary structure:
tertiary structure:
quaternary structure:

A
  • linear amino acid sequence
  • repetitive areas of folding/coiling (pleated or helix)
  • shape based on side chain interactions
  • determined by multiple polypeptides
59
Q

Primary Structure:

A
  • sequence determined by genetics
60
Q

Secondary Structure:

A
  • Hydrogen bonding is key
61
Q

Tertiary:

A
  • determined by side-chain interactions

h-bonds, hydrophobic (london dispersion) and ionic bonds

62
Q

Quaternary:

A
  • four identical polypeptides
63
Q

Sickle Cell Disease:

2

A
  • change in folding/function due to primary structure

- single amino-acid substitution in hemoglobin

64
Q 
Protein Denaturation:
due to (3)
A
  • loss of 3d structure in a protein

- pH changes, salt concentration, and temperature

65
Q

Nucleic Acid Polymers:

A
  • DNA

- RNA

66
Q

DNA monomers: (4)

A
  • adenine
  • guanine
  • cytosine
  • thymine
67
Q

RNA monomers: (4)

A
  • adenine
  • guanine
  • cytosine
  • uracil
68
Q

Differences Between DNA and RNA

A
  • DNA: ds, thymine, long term, deoxy sugar

- RNA: ss, uracil, short term, ribose sugar

69
Q

Information Flow in Cells:

A
  • DNA
  • RNA
  • Proteins
70
Q
  • mRNA
  • rRNA
  • tRNA
A
  • messenger RNA: codes
  • ribosomal RNA: makes ribosomes functional
  • transfer RNA: translates language of nucleotides to proteins
71
Q

Nucleotide: (2)

bonds?

A
  • nucleoside + phosphate group
  • nucleoside = sugar + nitrogenous base
  • phosphodiester linkages: covalent bonds between nucleotides (between OH and phosphate)
72
Q

2 Types of Nitrogenous bases

A
  • pyrimidines: single-membered ring (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)
  • purines: six and five membered rings fused (adenine, and guanine)
73
Q

DNA vs RNA Structure:

A
  • RNA has single, polynucleotide chains
  • 2 polynucleotide chains spiraling around imaginary axis (held by h-bonds)
  • DNA strands run opposite, an arrangement known as antiparallel
74
Q

nucleotides (5)

A 
adenine
guanine
cytosine 
thymine 
uracil
75
Q

DNA has: (2)

A
  • sugar/phosphate backbone

- hydrogen bond-linked base pairs

Honors Biology (2 decks)

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