Test 2 Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
Primordial Soup Theory:
A
theory of origin of life on earth; described a possibility for where life originated (organic molecules from salt water)
2
Q
Water makes up: (2)
states/importance
A
- 70% of Earth
- 70% of human body
- solid, liquid, and gas
- almost universal solvent
3
Q
Structure of Water:
A
- polar molecule
- forms hydrogen bonds (in all 3 states)
- covalent bonding
(H-bonds: S > L > G)
4
Q
Definitions:
Cohesion
Adhesion
Surface Tension:
A
- cohesion: linking of same molecules through hydrogen bonds (water ^ in plants)
- adhesion: attraction between different substances (water to plant cell walls)
- surface tension: measure of the force necessary to bend or break the surface of a liquid
5
Q
4 Major Properties of H2O:
A
- cohesion/adhesion
- Temperature Moderation
- Floating of Ice
- Solvent of Life
6
Q
Bodies of Water:
A
moderate temperature by releasing heat to cooler air and absorbing heat from warmer air; can absorb/release large amounts of heat without significant change due to its high specific heat (attempts to gain an equilibrium; cools through evaporative cooling)
7
Q
Definitions: Heat: Temperature: Specific Heat: Heat of Vaporization:
A
- heat: measure of total kinetic energy due to molecular movement
- temperature: measure of intensity due to average kinetic energy
- specific heat: amount of heat required to heat 1g of a substance 1 deg C
- heat of vaporization: amount of heat required to vaporize 1g of a liquid
8
Q
Why Does Ice Float?
Why is this important?
A
- ice has maximum number of H-bonds, it is more ordered, and less dense than liquid h2o
- this is important because, if ice sank, all bodies of water would eventually freeze over
9
Q
Definitions: solution solute solvent aqueous solution colloid
A
- mixture of 2 or more substances (liquid)
- substance that is dissolved in a solvent
- a liquid in which a solute is dissolved
- when water is the solvent
- suspended fine particles (i.e. not clear)
10
Q
Hydration Shell:
A
- h2o breaks up ionic bonds and forms a shell around each ion due to charge attractions (dissolves)
11
Q
Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic
A
Hydrophilic: affinity for water (ionic, polar covalent)
Hydrophobic: lacks affinity for water (non-polar covalent; lipids)
12
Q
Acids and Bases (pH)
Buffers:
A
- acid: donates proton (H+)
- base: accepts proton (P+)
- pH: high - basic, low - acidic, 7- neutral
- buffers regulate pH and help resist changes in pH (acid-base pairs)
13
Q
Carbon:
A
- backbone of life (large, diverse molecules)
- simple to complex molecules
14
Q
Carbon: Valence Shell and Bonding
A
- 4 valence e-
- forms covalent bonds
- can bond with large variety of molecules
15
Q
Carbon Skeletons Vary due to:
A
- length
- branching points
- double bonds
- cyclohexane structures
16
Q
Hydrocarbons:
2
A
- made of H and C
- release large amounts of energy (fossil fuels)
17
Q
Isomers:
definition; 3 types
A
- compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ structurally
1. cis/trans
2. structural
3. enantiomers
18
Q
Structural Isomer:
Cis/Trans Isomer:
Enantiomer:
A
- different structural arrangement of atoms
- same or opposite sides of a carbon
- nonsuperimposable mirror image
19
Q
Enantiomers:
A
- important pharmaceutically
- usually only 1 isomer is biologically active
- organisms are very sensitive to subtle variations
20
Q
Functional Groups:
A
- function to make organic molecules more soluble
21
Q
Hydroxyl: (3)
A
- -OH
- alcohols
- polar; hydrogen bonding
22
Q
Carbonyl: (1; 2 types)
A
- carbon-oxygen double bond
- aldehydes: at end of skeleton
- ketones: in middle of skeleton
23
Q
Carboxyl: (2)
A
- COOH
- carboxylic acids (donates H+)
24
Q
Sulfhydryl: (4)
A
- SH
- thiols
- amino acid - cysteine
- stabilizes proteins
25
Phosphate: (2)
- -OPO32-
| - contribute negative charge/release energy
26
ATP:
| adp/atp: 1
- adenosine triphosphate: primary energy transferring molecule in our cells (atp - catabolic; releases energy adp - anabolic stores energy)
27
Methyl
- -CH3
- NOT POLAR
- important in sex hormones/gene expression
28
```
Definitions
Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
*
```
- large molecules composed of thousands of COVALENTLY connected atoms
- fats, phospholipids, and steroids
- proteins: enzymes and many more
- nucleic acids: DNA and RNA
* structure and function are inseparable*
29
Polymers (2- 1=3) and Monomers
- polymer: long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (covalent)
- carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
- monomers: small, similar building blocks
30
Dehydration vs Hydrolysis
Dehydration: removing water in order to free electrons in order to form polymers
Hydrolysis: using water to break a polymer up into monomers
31
```
Carbohydrates:
definition
function
3 types
```
- sugars and their polymers
- fuel and building material
- monosaccharides: single sugars
- disaccharides: double sugars
- polysaccharides: polymers composed of many monosaccharides
32
```
Monosaccharide:
definition
most common
classification
*
```
- single sugar (multiples of CH2O)
- glucose
- # carbons (3,5,6, or 7)
- location of carbonyl (altose-end ketoses-middle)
- arrangement around asymmetrical carbons
- *forms rings in water*
33
Disaccharide:
| 2
- formed by dehydration reaction
| - its covalent bonding is known as glycosidic linkage
34
Storage Polysaccharides:
| 2
- starch
| - glycogen
35
Structural Polysaccharide:
| 1
- cellulose
36
Starch:
| what is it?
- storage polysaccharide for plants
- has glucose monomers
- stored as granules within chloroplasts and other plastids
- simplest is amylose
37
Glycogen: (2)
| what is it?
- storage polysaccharide in humans/animals
| - stored in liver and muscles
38
Cellulose: (3)
| what is it?
- structural polysaccharide in plants
- major component of plant cell walls
- polymer of glucose but glycosidic linkages differ based on the 2 structural isomers of glucose (position of OH)
39
Chitin: (2)
- found in arthropod exoskeletons
| - provide structural support for cell walls of fungi
40
Lipids:
(2)
3 examples
- hydrophobic (non-polar)
- don't form polymers (no monomers)
- fats, phospholipids, and steroids
41
Fats:
made from?
(2-deff)
- formed of glycerol and fatty acid
- glycerol: 3 carbon alcohol
- fatty acid: carbonyl group attached to long carbon chain
42
fatty acids joined to glycerol by
ester linkage
43
Saturated vs Unsaturated
- saturated: maximum # of hydrogens possible (no double bonds) - solid
- unsaturated: 1 or more double bonds - liquid
44
Hydrogenation
| 3
- process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats through adding hydrogens
- creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds (trans fats)
- increases cardiovascular disease
45
Unsaturated Fats:
| 2
- essential fatty acids aren't manufactured in the body
| - need Omega 3 fatty acids for normal growth and development (may protect against cardiovascular disease)
46
Phospholipid:
| 3
- 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol
- assemble a bilayer in water (heads out, tails in)
_ ****major component in cell membranes****
47
Steroids:
| 2
- characterized by a carbon skeleton with 4 fused rings
| - precursor for hormones
48
Protein Function:
(7)
includes
- structural support, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and defense
- enzyme: catalysts regulate metabolism
49
Amino Acids:
| 2
- organic molecules with carboxyl and amino acid groups
| - differ due to side chains (r groups)
50
Monomer of proteins?
amino acids :)
51
Hydrophobic R groups: (2)
- mostly Carbon and Hydrogen
| - non polar side chains
52
Hydrophilic R groups: (2)
- polar side chains
| - not Carbon and Hydrogen
53
Identifying Acidic or Basic R groups:
| *
- acidic: negative charge
- basic: positive charge
* hydrophilic
54
Amino Acid Polymers:
- linked by covalent peptide bonds
55
Polypeptides: (4)
- many monomers (not necessarily functional)
- unique linear sequence of amino acids
- make up proteins
- carbonyl and (c-terminus) amino (a-terminus)
56
globular proteins:
fibrous proteins:
lysozyme:
groove:
- spherical
- long fibers
- enzyme found in tears and sweat
- important for binding bacteria
57
Antibodies and Flu Virus Proteins:
| 2
- complimentary shape
| - structure and function are linked
58
primary structure:
secondary structure:
tertiary structure:
quaternary structure:
- linear amino acid sequence
- repetitive areas of folding/coiling (pleated or helix)
- shape based on side chain interactions
- determined by multiple polypeptides
59
Primary Structure:
- sequence determined by genetics
60
Secondary Structure:
- Hydrogen bonding is key
61
Tertiary:
- determined by side-chain interactions
| h-bonds, hydrophobic (london dispersion) and ionic bonds
62
Quaternary:
- four identical polypeptides
63
Sickle Cell Disease:
| 2
- change in folding/function due to primary structure
| - single amino-acid substitution in hemoglobin
64
```
Protein Denaturation:
due to (3)
```
- loss of 3d structure in a protein
| - pH changes, salt concentration, and temperature
65
Nucleic Acid Polymers:
- DNA
| - RNA
66
DNA monomers: (4)
- adenine
- guanine
- cytosine
- thymine
67
RNA monomers: (4)
- adenine
- guanine
- cytosine
- uracil
68
Differences Between DNA and RNA
- DNA: ds, thymine, long term, deoxy sugar
| - RNA: ss, uracil, short term, ribose sugar
69
Information Flow in Cells:
- DNA
- RNA
- Proteins
70
- mRNA
- rRNA
- tRNA
- messenger RNA: codes
- ribosomal RNA: makes ribosomes functional
- transfer RNA: translates language of nucleotides to proteins
71
Nucleotide: (2)
| bonds?
- nucleoside + phosphate group
- nucleoside = sugar + nitrogenous base
- phosphodiester linkages: covalent bonds between nucleotides (between OH and phosphate)
72
2 Types of Nitrogenous bases
- pyrimidines: single-membered ring (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)
- purines: six and five membered rings fused (adenine, and guanine)
73
DNA vs RNA Structure:
- RNA has single, polynucleotide chains
- 2 polynucleotide chains spiraling around imaginary axis (held by h-bonds)
- DNA strands run opposite, an arrangement known as antiparallel
74
nucleotides (5)
```
adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
uracil
```
75
DNA has: (2)
- sugar/phosphate backbone
| - hydrogen bond-linked base pairs
