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Test 3 Flashcards

Body systems

1
Q

What are the main divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord, while the PNS includes all nerves.

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2
Q

What are the three main parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body, dendrites, axon

Dendrites conduct impulses to the cell body, while the axon conducts impulses away.

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3
Q

What type of neuron conducts impulses to the spinal cord and brain?

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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4
Q

What type of neuron conducts impulses away from the brain and spinal cord?

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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5
Q

What are interneurons also known as?

A

Central or connecting neurons

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6
Q

What are the three main types of glial cells in the CNS?

A

Astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes

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7
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Anchor small blood vessels to neurons

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8
Q

What is the role of microglia?

A

Carry out phagocytosis in inflamed brain tissue

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9
Q

What do oligodendrocytes form on axons in the CNS?

A

Myelin sheaths

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10
Q

What is the difference between a nerve and a tract?

A

A nerve is a bundle of peripheral axons; a tract is a bundle of central axons.

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11
Q

What tissues primarily compose white matter?

A

Myelinated axons

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12
Q

What tissues primarily compose gray matter?

A

Cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers

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13
Q

What is the simplest form of a reflex arc?

A

A two-neuron arc consisting of sensory neurons and motor neurons

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14
Q

What is a three-neuron arc in a reflex arc?

A

Sensory neurons synapsing with interneurons that synapse with motor neurons

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15
Q

What initiates a nerve impulse?

A

Inward movement of Na+ depolarizes the membrane

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16
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals by which neurons communicate

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17
Q

Name two types of autonomic nervous system divisions.

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

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18
Q

What is the main function of the sympathetic division?

A

Controls visceral effectors during emergency or stress situations

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19
Q

What is the fight-or-flight response?

A

Group of changes induced by sympathetic control during stress

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20
Q

Where are parasympathetic preganglionic neurons located?

A

In the gray matter of the brainstem and sacral segments of the spinal cord

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21
Q

What neurotransmitter is released by cholinergic fibers?

A

Acetylcholine

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22
Q

What neurotransmitter is primarily released by adrenergic fibers?

A

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ system regulates the body’s automatic functions.

A

Autonomic nervous system

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24
Q

True or False: The autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis.

A

True

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25
What part of the brain acts as the major center for controlling the autonomic nervous system?
Hypothalamus
26
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
Relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex
27
What is the largest part of the human brain?
Cerebrum
28
What regulates automatic movements and posture?
Basal nuclei
29
What are the main components of a reflex arc?
Receptors, sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons, effectors
30
What are the three types of muscle tissue in the body?
Skeletal muscle, Cardiac muscle, Smooth muscle ## Footnote Skeletal muscle is voluntary, cardiac muscle is involuntary and found in the heart, while smooth muscle is also involuntary and found in walls of hollow organs.
31
What is the primary function of muscle fibers?
Contraction (shortening) ## Footnote Muscle fibers enable movement by contracting and pulling on bones.
32
What is the basic functional unit of skeletal muscle?
Sarcomere ## Footnote Sarcomeres are the repeating units within muscle fibers where contraction occurs.
33
What is the role of calcium and ATP in muscle contraction?
Contraction requires calcium and ATP ## Footnote Calcium ions facilitate the interaction between myofilaments, while ATP provides the energy needed for contraction.
34
What is a motor unit?
Combination of a motor neuron with the muscle fibers it controls ## Footnote Motor units are essential for muscle contraction as they transmit nerve impulses to muscle fibers.
35
Define 'prime mover' in muscle function.
Mainly responsible for producing a given movement ## Footnote Prime movers work alongside synergist and antagonist muscles to facilitate movement.
36
Fill in the blank: A continuous, low-strength muscle contraction called _______ enables us to maintain body position.
tonic contraction ## Footnote Tonic contraction helps maintain posture without producing noticeable movement.
37
What causes muscle fatigue?
Reduced strength of muscle contraction due to repeated stimulation without adequate rest ## Footnote Muscle fatigue can lead to lactic acid buildup, contributing to soreness.
38
True or False: Isometric contractions produce movement.
False ## Footnote Isometric contractions increase tension without shortening the muscle, thus not producing movement.
39
List the types of muscle contractions.
* Twitch contractions * Tetanic contractions * Isotonic contractions * Isometric contractions ## Footnote Each type of contraction serves different functional roles in muscle activity.
40
What are the effects of regular exercise on skeletal muscle?
* Improves muscle tone and posture * Increases muscle size (hypertrophy) * Enhances heart and lung function * Reduces fatigue ## Footnote Regular exercise adapts muscles to handle more workload effectively.
41
What is oxygen debt?
Metabolic effort required to burn excess lactic acid during exercise ## Footnote Oxygen debt is compensated by labored breathing after strenuous activity.
42
What are the major movements produced by skeletal muscle contractions?
* Flexion * Extension * Abduction * Adduction * Rotation * Circumduction ## Footnote These movements are essential for various physical activities and body mechanics.
43
What is the role of connective tissue in skeletal muscles?
Forms wrappers around muscle fibers and groups, and attaches muscles to bones via tendons ## Footnote Connective tissue supports and protects muscle structures.
44
What is the difference between concentric and eccentric contractions?
* Concentric: Muscle shortens to move toward origin * Eccentric: Muscle lengthens under tension ## Footnote Both types of contractions are crucial for different movements in daily activities.
45
What are the muscles of the upper extremities?
* Pectoralis major * Latissimus dorsi * Deltoid * Biceps brachii * Triceps brachii ## Footnote These muscles are primarily responsible for arm movements.
46
What is the function of the diaphragm?
Muscle involved in respiration ## Footnote The diaphragm contracts to increase thoracic cavity volume, facilitating breathing.
47
What are the functions of bones?
Supports and gives shape to the body, protects internal organs, helps make movements possible, stores calcium ## Footnote Hormones regulate calcium storage, with calcitonin increasing storage and parathyroid hormone reducing it.
48
What is hemopoiesis?
Blood cell formation in red bone marrow
49
What are the four major bone types according to overall shape?
* Long bones * Short bones * Flat bones * Irregular bones ## Footnote Some scientists also recognize a sesamoid (round) bone category.
50
Give an example of a long bone.
Humerus (arm)
51
Give an example of a short bone.
Carpals (wrist)
52
Give an example of a flat bone.
Frontal (skull)
53
Give an example of an irregular bone.
Vertebrae (spinal cord)
54
What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
Hollow tube of hard compact bone
55
What is found inside the medullary cavity of long bones?
Yellow bone marrow
56
What is the function of articular cartilage?
Covers epiphyses and functions as a cushion
57
What is the periosteum?
Strong membrane covering bone everywhere except at joint surfaces
58
What is the endosteum?
Membrane lining medullary cavity
59
What is the structure of flat bones?
Spongy bone layer sandwiched between two compact bone layers ## Footnote This spongy bone layer is referred to as diploe.
60
What is the microscopic structure of cancellous bone?
Texture results from needlelike threads of bone called trabecular surrounded by a network of open spaces
61
What are osteocytes?
Bone cells found inside spaces called lacunae
62
What is the matrix of cartilage tissue like?
Gel-like and lacks blood vessels
63
What are osteoblasts?
Cells that form new bone
64
What does ossification refer to?
The process by which baby bones fuse together
65
What is the axial skeleton composed of?
80 bones including skull bones, ear bones, face bones, spine, thorax, and hyoid bone
66
How many bones are in the human skull?
22 bones
67
What is the mnemonic for the facial bones?
My mandible chews nine very large zucchini pizzas
68
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7
69
What are the types of joints?
* Diarthroses (free movement) * Synarthroses (no movement) * Amphiarthroses (slight movement)
70
What is a diarthrotic joint?
A joint that allows free movement
71
What is the radius's position in relation to the thumb?
On the thumb side
72
Fill in the blank: The fibula is ______.
far (distal)
73
What is found between joints?
Synovial fluid and cartilage

Body systems (5 decks)

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