Test 3

Question 1

cultural racism

Answer 1

Rather than biological or genetic differences, it relies on cultural, religious, or civilizational differences in customs and traditions as markers of superiority and inferiority. Also referred to as new racism, neo-racism, and colour-blind racism

Question 2

ethnicity

Answer 2

After the 1950s, it often replaced the term “race” in public discussions and political science. This term claims to be an objective/neutral category delineating a person’s origins, language, and cultural practices. However, critical race theorists and others have noted how it still retains embedded notions of White superiority and normativity and serves to create distinct categories of people in relation to political debates surrounding issues such as inequality and immigration.

Question 3

Institutional racism

Answer 3

Refers to the ways in which biological and cultural concepts of race are interwoven into political, economic, and social institutions, policies, and practices and operate in ways that disadvantage specific individuals and groups

Question 4

race

Answer 4

A socially constructed category that divides people into distinct types and hierarchies in which White European is constructed as “pure” and every other racial category as an impure deviation from White normativity

Question 5

Racialization

Answer 5

Refers to the political and social processes and actions through which a person is classified. Racial meaning and belonging are assigned to that person’s identity in ways other than how that person self-identities.

Question 6

racism

Answer 6

Refers to the belief that human differences— including biological, genetic, and cultural—produce immutable races that are superior or inferior, and these beliefs shape prejudice, unequal treatment, and even violence. The beliefs can be institutionalized through policies and practices that effect disadvantage.

Question 7

Systemic racism

Answer 7

Refers to the ways in which societal ideologies, laws, systems, programs, practices, and norms interact at the macro-level to produce or reinforce racial disadvantage and a pattern of adverse effects for racialized minorities.

Question 8

Cisgender

Answer 8

The gender identity of a person matches their birth sex

Question 9

Civil rights

Answer 9

Rights that protect individual freedoms such as freedom of speech, assembly, association, and religion

Question 10

gender

Answer 10

A socially, politically, and economically constructed social code that refers to prescribed binary ideal-type male and female identities, notions of masculinity and femininity, gendered social roles and relations, and gender identities.

Question 11

Gender binary

Answer 11

The division of people into the two opposing sex categories—male or female—and assignment of gender characteristics, abilities, and roles

Question 12

Heteropatriarchy

Answer 12

Heteropatriarchy: An unequal distribution of power based on heterosexual relationships, wherein men are deemed to be superior to women and rightfully hold authority over women.

Question 13

Intersectional feminist theory

Answer 13

An analytic approach that insists that the study of gendered oppression also must include considerations of race, class, and sexuality because these factors powerfully influence experiences of gender identity, power, oppression, and privilege.

Question 14

Political rights

Answer 14

A term that includes citizen rights to vote, run for political office, and peacefully protest.

Question 15

Public and private spheres

Answer 15

These concepts are integral to liberal political imaginaries that separates social organization into public spaces, where people debate and find solutions to collective problems, and private spaces of individual freedom and belief that are protected from interference by the collective or state. These terms, in contrast, are typically used to distinguish between governmental or collective activity versus privately owned and marketbased activity

Question 16

Sexual citizenship

Answer 16

A concept that focuses on how citizen rights and responsibilities are distributed, enacted, and experienced differently based on diverse expressions of sexuality.

Question 17

Sexual contract

Answer 17

A concept that asserts that a woman’s citizenship rights vary according to her marital status with a man.

Question 18

Social contract

Answer 18

A term first used by political philosophers like Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke to refer to the idea that people enter into a mutual agreement to observe each other’s rights and responsibilities, agree to select an impartial magistrate to adjudicate disputes, and give up their right to punish to the magistrate. In subsequent centuries, it was expanded in many advanced democracies to include state obligations to provide citizens with minimum levels of social security.

Question 19

Social reproduction

Answer 19

A concept that focuses on the ways in which individuals, families and societies are sustained biologically and socially. It typically foregrounds the unpaid reproductive and care work provided by women in the home and broader community which enable adult men to be full-time workers and political agents.

Question 20

Social rights

Answer 20

Entitlements typically claimed by citizens in advanced democracies which, although not entrenched in constitutions, guarantee citizens a modicum of economic welfare and social security, often in the form of social insurance and welfare programs.

Question 21

Aboriginal

Answer 21

A term and legal category used to refer to Canada’s Indigenous Peoples.

Question 22

Colonialism

Answer 22

A practice of appropriating, dominating, and, in some cases, settling other territories and peoples. It is usually associated with European imperialism and expansionism of the fifteenth to twentieth centuries.

Question 23

Extractivism

Answer 23

An economic practice that removes natural resources from their point of origin on a large scale, producing physical land changes, for profit and typically for international markets

Question 24

First Nations

Answer 24

A term used to describe diverse peoples who are descendants of the original inhabitants of Canada who are neither Métis nor Inuit

Question 25

Indian

Answer 25

Legal identity of First Nations person registered under the Canadian Indian Act

Question 26

Indian Act

Answer 26

An Act of Canadian Parliament that has regulated registered Indians and reserve lands since 1876.

Question 27

Indigenous

Answer 27

A term often used in national and transnational contexts to describe diverse nations and peoples who have long standing connections to territories and have been affected by colonialism

Question 28

Inuit

Answer 28

Indigenous Peoples inhabiting the Arctic and subarctic regions, primarily of Greenland, Denmark, Canada and the United States

Question 29

Land claims agreements

Answer 29

Also called modern treaties are mechanisms that bring unceded Indigenous territory under Canadian sovereignty, in exchange for limited powers of self-government and financial benefits for Indigenous signatories

Question 30

Métis

Answer 30

Indigenous Peoples whose origins are traced primarily to unions between Indigenous women and European fur traders in Canada

Question 31

Native

Answer 31

A term used to describe people from a particular place

Question 32

Settler colonialism

Answer 32

A form of colonialism in which the original inhabitants colonized and displaced by a new society of settlers. The term is commonly associated with the age of European imperialism and the conquest and dispossession of Indigenous peoples in the Americas

Question 33

Unceded lands

Answer 33

A term used in settler colonial countries to refer to traditional Indigenous territories that were never surrendered to the settler state through law, treaties, or other formal agreements