Test 3 Flashcards
What is defined as when normal epithelium becomes bigger/larger?
Hypertrophy
What is defined as an increase in the number of cells?
Hyperplasia
What is defined as the conversion from one type of cell to another type of cell?
Metaplasia
What is this?
Epithelial hyperkeratosis
What is this?
Epithelial acanthosis
What is defined as a premalignant condition that indicates disordered growth? The condition may appear as erythroplakia, leukoplakia or speckled leukoplakia.
Epithelial dysplasia
True or False: lesions that exhibit microscopic dysplasia frequently precede squamous cell carcinoma.
True
What condition involves the cell proliferating instead of resting?
Genetic mutation
What condition involves the cells looking normal but producing too much and after years another mutation occurs?
Hyperplasia
What condition involves the cells being abnormal in shape and orientation, after time a mutation occurs that affects cell behaviour?
Dysplasia
What condition involves the cells becoming more abnormal in growth and appearance and the tumor has not yet broken through any boundaries between tissues?
Carcinoma in situ
What is this?
Leukoplakia
What are most leukoplakias due to?
Hyperkeratosis or a combination of epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis
Are leukoplakias considered premalignant?
No
Leukoplakia on the floor of the mouth, ventrolateral tongue, soft palate and lip are more likely to represent
Epithelial dysplasia
Any lesion diagnosed as epithelial dysplasia should be
Completely removed
What is this?
Leukoplakia
What is an oral mucosal lesion that appears as a smooth, red patch or a granular red and velvety patch?
Erythroplakia
Where do most cases of erythroplakia occur?
Floor on the mouth
Tongue
Soft palate
True or False: Erythroplakia is more common than leukoplakia and is considered a less serious clinical finding.
False. Erythroplakia is less common than leukoplakia and is considered a more serious clinical finding.
What is this?
Erythroplakia
What is this?
Leukoplakia
What is this?
Erythroplakia
What is this?
Erythroplakia
What is this?
Speckled erythroplakia
What is this?
Nicotine stomatitis
What condition is associated with heavy, long-term pipe/cigar/cannabis smoking due to heat on the palatal mucosa?
Nicotine stomatitis
How does nicotine stomatitis develop?
Starts as erythematous appearance with hyperkeratosis and opacification increasing over time. Raised red dots start to appear at opening of minor salivary gland ducts on palate.
What is this?
Nicotine stomatitis
What is this?
Snuff dipper’s patch (tobacco pouch keratosis)
What is tobacoo pouch keratosis?
Smokeless tabocco can cause white lesions in the area where the tobacco is placed, commonly in the mucobuccal fold. Lesion is white, wrinkled appearnance in early lesions and more opaquely white with corrugated surface with long standing lesions.
When is a biopsy recommended for snuff dipper’s patch?
When tobacoo is not longer placed in the area for 2 weeks but the lesions does not return to normal appearance
What are lesions on the upper and lower lips and correlate to placement of cigarettes/joints?
Smoker keratosis
How large are smoker keratosis lesions?
Approximately 7mm in diameter
What are the physical characteristics of smoker keratosis?
Raised white papules throughout patch with roughened texture and firmness to palpation
What is this?
Cigarette/smoker keratosis
What condition results from melanin production in smokers that may protect the mucosa from chemicals in tobacco smoke?
Smoker melanosis
Where is the most commonly affected site for smoker melanosis?
Anterior labial gingiva
True or False: Women are more frequently affected by smoker melanosis than men.
True
What is this?
Actinic cheiltis
What is this?
Smoker melanosis
What causes actinic cheilitis?
Sun exposure causing degeneration of vermillion lip tissue
True or False: Upper and lower lip are involved in actinic cheilitis but the lower lip is usually more severely involved.
True
Ratios of actinic cheilitis is __:__ men to women.
10:1
What is a new growth of tissues arising from existing tissues but it grows at its own rate and serves no useful purpose?
Neoplasia (Neoplasm)
What is this?
Tumor
What is the suffix for neoplasms?
Oma
What is a lymph tissue neoplasm?
Lymphoma
What is a sarcoma?
A malignant neoplasm
What are the tumor sites of the head and neck?
Nasopharynx
Nasal cavity
Oropharynx
Pharynx
Larynx
Thyroid gland
Metastatis Neoplasm of the neck
What is this?
Papilloma
What growth has numerous fingerlike projections composed of normal stratified squamous epithelium with a thick layer of keratin?
Papilloma
Where are papillomas usually found?
Soft palate or tongue
What is this?
Papilloma
What is this?
Papilloma
What is this?
Fibroma
What is this?
Fibroma
What is this?
Fibroma
What is this?
Lipoma
What is this?
Lipoma
What is this?
Lipoma
What is this?
Hemangioma
What is this?
Hemangioma
What is this?
Hemangioma
What is this?
Lymphangioma
What is this?
Lymphangioma
What is this?
Lymphangioma-cystic hygroma
What is this?
Neuroma
What is this?
Adenoma
What is this?
Adenoma
What is this?
Nevus
What is this?
Nevus/Nevi
What is this?
Melanotic macule
What is this?
Compound odontoma
What is this?
Complex odontoma
What is this?
Odontoma
What is this?
Ameloblastoma
What is this?
Cementoma
What is this?
Osteoma
What growth is caused by irritation, is not a true neoplasm and is a dense collagenous tissue covered by thin epithelium?
Fibroma
What are the physical characteristics of a fibroma?
Well defined pale pink papule that slowly enlarges to a nodule. It is smooth, symmetrical, round, firm, and painless. Rarely can be white, roughened or ulcerated due to trauma.
What are the characteristics of a lipoma?
Yellow mass covered by a thin layer of epithelium commonly found on the buccal mucosa and vestibule
What growth is a vascular malformation, a benign proliferation of capillaries and appear as variably sized, deep-red or blue lesions that frequently blanch when pressure is applied?
Hemangioma
True or False: Most hemangiomas are present at birth or show up shortly after.
True
What is a benign tumor of the lympthatic vessels?
Lympangioma
Is a lymphangioma more common than a hemangioma?
No
Where is the most common area to see lymphangioma?
Tongue
What is a hyperplastic response to nerve damage after severance of a large nerve fiber?
Neuroma
Where are neuromas frequently found?
Mandibular mucobuccal fold adjacent to mental foramen or facial to mandibular incisors, lingual to retromolar pad and ventral tongue.
What is the most common benign salivry gland tumor?
Adenoma
Where are adenomas most commonly found?
Parotid gland (EO)
Palate (IO)
What age do adenomas usually develop?
40+
What is a flat, brown or dark macule/papule that are made up of melanin producing cells in those aged 20-50?
Nevus
Where are nevi most commonly found?
Hard palate
Buccal mucosa
Where are melanotic macules most commonly found?
Lower lip close to the midline
How do melanotic macules develop?
Reactions to trauma, inflammation or sun damage
What are the ABCDE’s of melanoma?
Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Colour variation
Diameter larger than 6mm
Evolving or changing
What tumor is composed of mature enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp tissue?
Odontoma
What is the most common odontogenic tumor?
Odontoma
What are the two types of odontomas?
Compound (many small teeth)
Complex (composed of enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp, does not look like normal tooth)
What is the most common clinical sign of an odontoma?
Failure of tooth to erupt
What are the characteristics of an ameloblastoma?
Agressive
Locally invasive
Slow growth
Painless swelling
Mostly in mand molar region
Usually multiocular
What type of growth is a cementum producing neoplasm fused to roots of vital teeth?
Cementoma
Where are cemetomas usually found?
Mand molar or premolar
What neoplasm is a bony hard mass that is composed of compact or cancellous bone?
Osteoma
What are the two types of osteomas?
Peripheral (extends from bone)
Central (confined inside bone)
What are the early warning signs of oral cancer?
Ulceration that does not heal
White area rough an/or smooth
Red and white pebbly areas
Area that is red and velvety
Ulcer feeling firm, nodular, and large
Papillary masses
What are the late signs of oral cancer?
Any swelling that cannot be diagnosed
Pain
Bleeding
Difficulty swallowing/problems speaking
Lympadenopathy/lumps in neck
Unexplained rapid weight loss
__% of oral cancer lesions are well advanced at the time of discovery.
60%
What are the five stages of oral cancer?
Stage 0 through 4
What stage is carcinoma in situ, cancer cells are only found in the cells in the lining of the lips or mouth?
Stage 0
What stage of oral cancer is it when the tumor is less than 2cm in size and has not spread to lymph nodes?
Stage 1
What stage of oral cancer is it when the tumor is larger than 2.5cm but smaller than 4cm nd the cancer cells have not spread to the lymph nodes?
Stage 2
What stage of oral cancer is it when the tumor is larger than 4cm or the cancer cells have spread to nearby lymph nodes?
Stage 3
What stage of oral cancer is it when the cancer has spread to the lymph node with lymph node tumors larger than 3cm, or cancer cells have spread to other parts of the mouth or body?
Stage 4
What is the grading system for cancer?
Grades 1 through 3
What grade is cancer cells that resemble normal cells and aren’t growing rapidly?
Grade I
What grade are cancer cells that don’t look like normal cells and are growing faster than normal cells?
Grade II
What grade are cancer cells that look abnormal and may grow or spread more agressively?
Grade III
What are the treatments for oral cancer?
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Surgical excision
What are the most commony areas of squamous cell carcinoma?
Lower lip
Lateral border of the tongue
Floor of the mouth
Buccal mucosa
Palate
Tonsils/oropharynx
Gingiva
What is the most commonly primary malignancy of the oral cavity?
Squamous cell carcinoma
What specific type of squamous cell carcinoma has a much better prognosis, is a slowly growing exophytic tumor with pebbly white and red surface found in the vestibule and buccal mucosa?
Verrucous carcinoma
What is assoicated with sun exposure and it frequent on the skin of the face, begins as a small 0.5cm ulcer but enlargers slowely with destruction of underlying structures and metastasis is extremely rare?
Basal cell carcinoma
What type of cancer is a malignant tumor of melanocytes and usually from prolonged sun exposure?
Malignant melanoma
What is the most common malignant salivary gland neoplasm?
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
What are the characteristics of mucoepidermoid carcinoma?
Unencapsulated, infiltrating tumor, bluish appearance or mucous exudate from ulcerated surface, pools of necrotic fluid radiographically visible
What does adenoid cyst carcinoma affect?
Minor or major salivary glands
What are the most common sites of adenoid cyst carcinomas?
Parotid gland (EO)
Palate (IO)
What are the warning signs of lymphoma?
Fever
Swelling of the face and neck
Lump in your neck, armpits or groin
Excessive night sweating
Unexpected weight loss
Loss of appetite
Fealing of weakness
Breathlessness
Itchiness
What is the staging for lymphoma?
Stage I: involvement of single lymph node
Stage II: involvement of two or more lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm
Stage III: Involvement of lymph node regions on both side of the diaphragm which may include the spleen
Stage IV: Multiple of disseminated foci of involvement of one or more extralymphatic organs or tissues with or without lymphatic involvement
What is included in Waldeyer’s Ring?
Adenoid
Tubual tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil
What are the two major types of lymphoma?
Hodgkin’s
Non-Hodgkin’s
Does Hodgkin’s Lymphoma contain Reed-Sternberg cells?
Yes
Does Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma contain Reed-Sternberg cells?
No
What is this?
Multiple myeloma
What is the difference between the symptoms of acute and chronic leukemia?
Acute may cause signs and symptoms similar to the flu, while chronic often causes only a few symptoms or none at all.
What are the risk factors for leukemia?
Viral infections
Heredity/genetics/family cancers
Environmental (smoking, drugs, radiation, etc)
What are the oral signs of leukemia?
Paleness of mucosa
Bleeding gingiva
Tiny, flat, red petachaie caused by bleeding just under the surface
Frequent infections of the gingiva
Frequent reccurent herpes
Red raw sore throat
What is this?
Leukemia
What is this?
Oral mucositis
What is this?
Radiation caries
What is this?
Osteo-radiation necrosis
