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Oral Pathology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is defined as when normal epithelium becomes bigger/larger?

A

Hypertrophy

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2
Q

What is defined as an increase in the number of cells?

A

Hyperplasia

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3
Q

What is defined as the conversion from one type of cell to another type of cell?

A

Metaplasia

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4
Q

What is this?

A

Epithelial hyperkeratosis

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5
Q

What is this?

A

Epithelial acanthosis

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6
Q

What is defined as a premalignant condition that indicates disordered growth? The condition may appear as erythroplakia, leukoplakia or speckled leukoplakia.

A

Epithelial dysplasia

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7
Q

True or False: lesions that exhibit microscopic dysplasia frequently precede squamous cell carcinoma.

A

True

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8
Q

What condition involves the cell proliferating instead of resting?

A

Genetic mutation

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9
Q

What condition involves the cells looking normal but producing too much and after years another mutation occurs?

A

Hyperplasia

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10
Q

What condition involves the cells being abnormal in shape and orientation, after time a mutation occurs that affects cell behaviour?

A

Dysplasia

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11
Q

What condition involves the cells becoming more abnormal in growth and appearance and the tumor has not yet broken through any boundaries between tissues?

A

Carcinoma in situ

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12
Q

What is this?

A

Leukoplakia

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13
Q

What are most leukoplakias due to?

A

Hyperkeratosis or a combination of epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis

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14
Q

Are leukoplakias considered premalignant?

A

No

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15
Q

Leukoplakia on the floor of the mouth, ventrolateral tongue, soft palate and lip are more likely to represent

A

Epithelial dysplasia

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16
Q

Any lesion diagnosed as epithelial dysplasia should be

A

Completely removed

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17
Q

What is this?

A

Leukoplakia

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18
Q

What is an oral mucosal lesion that appears as a smooth, red patch or a granular red and velvety patch?

A

Erythroplakia

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19
Q

Where do most cases of erythroplakia occur?

A

Floor on the mouth
Tongue
Soft palate

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20
Q

True or False: Erythroplakia is more common than leukoplakia and is considered a less serious clinical finding.

A

False. Erythroplakia is less common than leukoplakia and is considered a more serious clinical finding.

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21
Q

What is this?

A

Erythroplakia

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22
Q

What is this?

A

Leukoplakia

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23
Q

What is this?

A

Erythroplakia

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24
Q

What is this?

A

Erythroplakia

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25
Q

What is this?

A

Speckled erythroplakia

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26
Q

What is this?

A

Nicotine stomatitis

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27
Q

What condition is associated with heavy, long-term pipe/cigar/cannabis smoking due to heat on the palatal mucosa?

A

Nicotine stomatitis

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28
Q

How does nicotine stomatitis develop?

A

Starts as erythematous appearance with hyperkeratosis and opacification increasing over time. Raised red dots start to appear at opening of minor salivary gland ducts on palate.

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29
Q

What is this?

A

Nicotine stomatitis

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30
Q

What is this?

A

Snuff dipper’s patch (tobacco pouch keratosis)

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31
Q

What is tobacoo pouch keratosis?

A

Smokeless tabocco can cause white lesions in the area where the tobacco is placed, commonly in the mucobuccal fold. Lesion is white, wrinkled appearnance in early lesions and more opaquely white with corrugated surface with long standing lesions.

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32
Q

When is a biopsy recommended for snuff dipper’s patch?

A

When tobacoo is not longer placed in the area for 2 weeks but the lesions does not return to normal appearance

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33
Q

What are lesions on the upper and lower lips and correlate to placement of cigarettes/joints?

A

Smoker keratosis

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34
Q

How large are smoker keratosis lesions?

A

Approximately 7mm in diameter

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35
Q

What are the physical characteristics of smoker keratosis?

A

Raised white papules throughout patch with roughened texture and firmness to palpation

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36
Q

What is this?

A

Cigarette/smoker keratosis

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37
Q

What condition results from melanin production in smokers that may protect the mucosa from chemicals in tobacco smoke?

A

Smoker melanosis

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38
Q

Where is the most commonly affected site for smoker melanosis?

A

Anterior labial gingiva

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39
Q

True or False: Women are more frequently affected by smoker melanosis than men.

A

True

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40
Q

What is this?

A

Actinic cheiltis

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41
Q

What is this?

A

Smoker melanosis

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42
Q

What causes actinic cheilitis?

A

Sun exposure causing degeneration of vermillion lip tissue

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43
Q

True or False: Upper and lower lip are involved in actinic cheilitis but the lower lip is usually more severely involved.

A

True

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44
Q

Ratios of actinic cheilitis is __:__ men to women.

A

10:1

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45
Q

What is a new growth of tissues arising from existing tissues but it grows at its own rate and serves no useful purpose?

A

Neoplasia (Neoplasm)

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46
Q

What is this?

A

Tumor

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47
Q

What is the suffix for neoplasms?

A

Oma

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48
Q

What is a lymph tissue neoplasm?

A

Lymphoma

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49
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

A malignant neoplasm

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50
Q

What are the tumor sites of the head and neck?

A

Nasopharynx
Nasal cavity
Oropharynx
Pharynx
Larynx
Thyroid gland
Metastatis Neoplasm of the neck

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51
Q

What is this?

A

Papilloma

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52
Q

What growth has numerous fingerlike projections composed of normal stratified squamous epithelium with a thick layer of keratin?

A

Papilloma

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53
Q

Where are papillomas usually found?

A

Soft palate or tongue

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54
Q

What is this?

A

Papilloma

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55
Q

What is this?

A

Papilloma

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56
Q

What is this?

A

Fibroma

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57
Q

What is this?

A

Fibroma

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58
Q

What is this?

A

Fibroma

59
Q

What is this?

A

Lipoma

60
Q

What is this?

A

Lipoma

61
Q

What is this?

A

Lipoma

62
Q

What is this?

A

Hemangioma

63
Q

What is this?

A

Hemangioma

64
Q

What is this?

A

Hemangioma

65
Q

What is this?

A

Lymphangioma

66
Q

What is this?

A

Lymphangioma

67
Q

What is this?

A

Lymphangioma-cystic hygroma

68
Q

What is this?

A

Neuroma

69
Q

What is this?

A

Adenoma

70
Q

What is this?

A

Adenoma

71
Q

What is this?

A

Nevus

72
Q

What is this?

A

Nevus/Nevi

73
Q

What is this?

A

Melanotic macule

74
Q

What is this?

A

Compound odontoma

75
Q

What is this?

A

Complex odontoma

76
Q

What is this?

A

Odontoma

77
Q

What is this?

A

Ameloblastoma

78
Q

What is this?

A

Cementoma

79
Q

What is this?

A

Osteoma

80
Q

What growth is caused by irritation, is not a true neoplasm and is a dense collagenous tissue covered by thin epithelium?

A

Fibroma

81
Q

What are the physical characteristics of a fibroma?

A

Well defined pale pink papule that slowly enlarges to a nodule. It is smooth, symmetrical, round, firm, and painless. Rarely can be white, roughened or ulcerated due to trauma.

82
Q

What are the characteristics of a lipoma?

A

Yellow mass covered by a thin layer of epithelium commonly found on the buccal mucosa and vestibule

83
Q

What growth is a vascular malformation, a benign proliferation of capillaries and appear as variably sized, deep-red or blue lesions that frequently blanch when pressure is applied?

A

Hemangioma

84
Q

True or False: Most hemangiomas are present at birth or show up shortly after.

A

True

85
Q

What is a benign tumor of the lympthatic vessels?

A

Lympangioma

86
Q

Is a lymphangioma more common than a hemangioma?

A

No

87
Q

Where is the most common area to see lymphangioma?

A

Tongue

88
Q

What is a hyperplastic response to nerve damage after severance of a large nerve fiber?

A

Neuroma

89
Q

Where are neuromas frequently found?

A

Mandibular mucobuccal fold adjacent to mental foramen or facial to mandibular incisors, lingual to retromolar pad and ventral tongue.

90
Q

What is the most common benign salivry gland tumor?

A

Adenoma

91
Q

Where are adenomas most commonly found?

A

Parotid gland (EO)
Palate (IO)

92
Q

What age do adenomas usually develop?

A

40+

93
Q

What is a flat, brown or dark macule/papule that are made up of melanin producing cells in those aged 20-50?

A

Nevus

94
Q

Where are nevi most commonly found?

A

Hard palate
Buccal mucosa

95
Q

Where are melanotic macules most commonly found?

A

Lower lip close to the midline

96
Q

How do melanotic macules develop?

A

Reactions to trauma, inflammation or sun damage

97
Q

What are the ABCDE’s of melanoma?

A

Asymmetry
Border irregularity
Colour variation
Diameter larger than 6mm
Evolving or changing

98
Q

What tumor is composed of mature enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp tissue?

A

Odontoma

99
Q

What is the most common odontogenic tumor?

A

Odontoma

100
Q

What are the two types of odontomas?

A

Compound (many small teeth)
Complex (composed of enamel, dentin, cementum, and pulp, does not look like normal tooth)

101
Q

What is the most common clinical sign of an odontoma?

A

Failure of tooth to erupt

102
Q

What are the characteristics of an ameloblastoma?

A

Agressive
Locally invasive
Slow growth
Painless swelling
Mostly in mand molar region
Usually multiocular

103
Q

What type of growth is a cementum producing neoplasm fused to roots of vital teeth?

A

Cementoma

104
Q

Where are cemetomas usually found?

A

Mand molar or premolar

105
Q

What neoplasm is a bony hard mass that is composed of compact or cancellous bone?

A

Osteoma

106
Q

What are the two types of osteomas?

A

Peripheral (extends from bone)
Central (confined inside bone)

107
Q

What are the early warning signs of oral cancer?

A

Ulceration that does not heal
White area rough an/or smooth
Red and white pebbly areas
Area that is red and velvety
Ulcer feeling firm, nodular, and large
Papillary masses

108
Q

What are the late signs of oral cancer?

A

Any swelling that cannot be diagnosed
Pain
Bleeding
Difficulty swallowing/problems speaking
Lympadenopathy/lumps in neck
Unexplained rapid weight loss

109
Q

__% of oral cancer lesions are well advanced at the time of discovery.

A

60%

110
Q

What are the five stages of oral cancer?

A

Stage 0 through 4

111
Q

What stage is carcinoma in situ, cancer cells are only found in the cells in the lining of the lips or mouth?

A

Stage 0

112
Q

What stage of oral cancer is it when the tumor is less than 2cm in size and has not spread to lymph nodes?

A

Stage 1

113
Q

What stage of oral cancer is it when the tumor is larger than 2.5cm but smaller than 4cm nd the cancer cells have not spread to the lymph nodes?

A

Stage 2

114
Q

What stage of oral cancer is it when the tumor is larger than 4cm or the cancer cells have spread to nearby lymph nodes?

A

Stage 3

115
Q

What stage of oral cancer is it when the cancer has spread to the lymph node with lymph node tumors larger than 3cm, or cancer cells have spread to other parts of the mouth or body?

A

Stage 4

116
Q

What is the grading system for cancer?

A

Grades 1 through 3

117
Q

What grade is cancer cells that resemble normal cells and aren’t growing rapidly?

A

Grade I

118
Q

What grade are cancer cells that don’t look like normal cells and are growing faster than normal cells?

A

Grade II

119
Q

What grade are cancer cells that look abnormal and may grow or spread more agressively?

A

Grade III

120
Q

What are the treatments for oral cancer?

A

Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Surgical excision

121
Q

What are the most commony areas of squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Lower lip
Lateral border of the tongue
Floor of the mouth
Buccal mucosa
Palate
Tonsils/oropharynx
Gingiva

122
Q

What is the most commonly primary malignancy of the oral cavity?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

123
Q

What specific type of squamous cell carcinoma has a much better prognosis, is a slowly growing exophytic tumor with pebbly white and red surface found in the vestibule and buccal mucosa?

A

Verrucous carcinoma

124
Q

What is assoicated with sun exposure and it frequent on the skin of the face, begins as a small 0.5cm ulcer but enlargers slowely with destruction of underlying structures and metastasis is extremely rare?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

125
Q

What type of cancer is a malignant tumor of melanocytes and usually from prolonged sun exposure?

A

Malignant melanoma

126
Q

What is the most common malignant salivary gland neoplasm?

A

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

127
Q

What are the characteristics of mucoepidermoid carcinoma?

A

Unencapsulated, infiltrating tumor, bluish appearance or mucous exudate from ulcerated surface, pools of necrotic fluid radiographically visible

128
Q

What does adenoid cyst carcinoma affect?

A

Minor or major salivary glands

129
Q

What are the most common sites of adenoid cyst carcinomas?

A

Parotid gland (EO)
Palate (IO)

130
Q

What are the warning signs of lymphoma?

A

Fever
Swelling of the face and neck
Lump in your neck, armpits or groin
Excessive night sweating
Unexpected weight loss
Loss of appetite
Fealing of weakness
Breathlessness
Itchiness

131
Q

What is the staging for lymphoma?

A

Stage I: involvement of single lymph node

Stage II: involvement of two or more lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm

Stage III: Involvement of lymph node regions on both side of the diaphragm which may include the spleen

Stage IV: Multiple of disseminated foci of involvement of one or more extralymphatic organs or tissues with or without lymphatic involvement

132
Q

What is included in Waldeyer’s Ring?

A

Adenoid
Tubual tonsil
Palatine tonsil
Lingual tonsil

133
Q

What are the two major types of lymphoma?

A

Hodgkin’s
Non-Hodgkin’s

134
Q

Does Hodgkin’s Lymphoma contain Reed-Sternberg cells?

A

Yes

135
Q

Does Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma contain Reed-Sternberg cells?

A

No

136
Q

What is this?

A

Multiple myeloma

137
Q

What is the difference between the symptoms of acute and chronic leukemia?

A

Acute may cause signs and symptoms similar to the flu, while chronic often causes only a few symptoms or none at all.

138
Q

What are the risk factors for leukemia?

A

Viral infections
Heredity/genetics/family cancers
Environmental (smoking, drugs, radiation, etc)

139
Q

What are the oral signs of leukemia?

A

Paleness of mucosa
Bleeding gingiva
Tiny, flat, red petachaie caused by bleeding just under the surface
Frequent infections of the gingiva
Frequent reccurent herpes
Red raw sore throat

140
Q

What is this?

A

Leukemia

141
Q

What is this?

A

Oral mucositis

142
Q

What is this?

A

Radiation caries

143
Q

What is this?

A

Osteo-radiation necrosis

Oral Pathology (3 decks)

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