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Community Health > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in program planning?

A

Health promotion principles
Health education and lesson plans
Prevention theories
Development of public health measures

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2
Q

What is defined as a broad concept that refers to the process of enabling people and communities to increase their control over the determinants of health, and, therefore, to improve their own health?

A

Health Promotion

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3
Q

What does health promotion involve?

A

Informing and motivating people to adopt health behaviours
Making people aware of health ideas and concepts
Creating environments that enable people to increase control over and improve their current and future health

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4
Q

Is health promotion the same as disease prevention and health education?

A

No

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5
Q

How is health promotion different from disease prevention and health education?

A

Different constructs with different goals and strategies

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6
Q

What are the goals of health promotion?

A

Health and wellness

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Is health promotion positively oriented?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Health promotion involves a ____ approach to achieving health through _____, _______, and _____.

A

Comprehensive
Education
Health services
Lifestyle

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9
Q

What influences health?

A

Peace
Shelter
Education
Food
Income
A stable ecosystem
Sustainable resources
Social justice and equity

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10
Q

Health promotion actions intend to alter an individiual’s environment in a way that will

A

Improve health regardless of individual actions or to enable individuals to take advantage of preventive and treatment procedures by removing barriers

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11
Q

Dental hygiene care can be thought of as a continuum of care that includes

A

Health protection
Health education
Disease prevention

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12
Q

What are the components of health promotion campaigns?

A

Health protection
Health education
Disease prevention

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13
Q

What is health protection?

A

Regulation
Legislation
Policy change

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14
Q

What is health education aimed at?

A

Influencing individual’s behaviour

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15
Q

What is disease prevention?

A

Services aimed at reducing risk of disease development

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16
Q

True or False: Disease prevention is negatively oriented.

A

True

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17
Q

What are the three basic health promotion strategies from WHO?

A
  1. Advocating for health
  2. Enabling people to achieve their health potential
  3. Mediating different social interests in the persuit of health
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18
Q

What are 5 actions to build the WHO’s health promotion strategies?

A
  1. Build healthy public policies
  2. Create supportive environments for health
  3. Strengthen community actions for health
  4. Develop personal skills
  5. Reorient health services
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19
Q

What are the aspects of health promotion?

A

Advocacy
Efforts to change organizations, policies, and environments
Political considerations
Ethical responsibilities

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20
Q

What are the outcomes of health promotion?

A

Reduced incidence and severity of disease
Improved health
Increased demand for care, use of services and preventive self care measures

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21
Q

What are the two theories that support the philosophy of health promotion?

A

Mandala of Health (Hancock’s)
Health Promotion Framework (Achieving Health for All, 1986)

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22
Q

Who designed Mandala of Health and when?

A

Trevor Hancock and Fran Perkins in 1985

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23
Q

What is the Mandala of Health?

A

A framework for understanding health in a holistic way. It redesigns the earlier “Health Field Concept” by recognizing health as influenced by multiple factors, not just medical care or personal behavior

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24
Q

What is Health Promotion Framework aimed at?

A

Achieving health for all by accepting specific health challenges, identifying health promotion mechanisms, and implementing health promotion strategies to meet these challenges

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25
Q

What are some other supporting documents and philisophies?

A

Changing Perspectives of Health
Responsibility for health
Determinants of health
Theories of Health Behaviour

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26
Q

What is the Theories of Health Behaviour?

A

That behaviour leading to improved (oral) health can be affected at three levels, intrapersonal, interpersonal and community.

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27
Q

What involves changes withing the individual?

A

Intrapersonal

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28
Q

What involves changes between people?

A

Interpersonal

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29
Q

What involves changes in institutional, organizational, and public policy?

A

Community

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30
Q

What theroies are intrapersonal?

A

Stages of Change Theory
Health Belief Model
Com-B Model

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31
Q

What theory is interpersonal?

A

Social Learning Theory

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32
Q

What theories are community?

A

Community Organization Theory
Diffusion of Innovations Theory

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33
Q

Intrapersonal theories start by:

A

Increasing patients awareness that there is a problem
Initiating behaviour change
Maintaining behaviour

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34
Q

The Stages of Change (Transtheoretical) Model describes individuals’ motivation and

A

Readiness to change a behaviour

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35
Q

What are the five stages of change?

A
  1. Precontemplation
  2. Contemplation
  3. Preparation
  4. Action
  5. Maintenance
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36
Q

What is one of the first theories of health behaviour that remains one of the most recognized?

A

Health Belief Model

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37
Q

The Health Belief Model argues that people are ready to act in what circumstances?

A

If they believe they are susceptible to the condition
If they believe the condition has serious consequences
If they believe taking action would reduce their susceptibility

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38
Q

The intra-personal level - Health Belief Model allows us to assess perceptions of

A

How susceptible one is to a health problem and if one believes that preventive behaviours will result in less susceptibility

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39
Q

What theory is new and emerging within the dental community?

A

COM-B

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40
Q

COM-B describes the three iterrelated factors that are needed for behaviours to happen. What are they?

A

Capability
Opportunity
Motivation

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41
Q

How does the COM-B theory work?

A

A person would need to have all three factors, capability, opportunity and motivation (COM)
to change the behaviour (B).

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42
Q

What theory belives that individuals are influenced by a social environment?

A

Interpersonal Theories

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43
Q

What theory suggests that people learn in four ways?

A

Social Learning Theory

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44
Q

What four ways does Social Learning Theory state people learn?

A

Direct experience
Vicarious experience
Expert testimony
Inferred knowledge

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45
Q

True or False: in Social Learning Theory self-efficacy and self confidence are not critical factors.

A

False. They are.

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46
Q

What does grassroots mean in Community Organization Theory?

A

That changes come from within the community itself rather than being imposed by outside experts

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47
Q

What does empowerment mean in Community Organization Theory?

A

It involves empowering community members to take the lead in identifying and addressing problems that are important to them.

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48
Q

What theory assesses how new ideas, products and services spread within a society or to other groups?

A

Diffusion of Innovations Theory

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49
Q

True or False: Despite years of research, very little knowledge exists about how best to promote oral health.

A

True

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50
Q

True or False: Most behaviour change that occurs after oral health education or promotion is short term and is not sustained without periodic reinforcement.

A

True

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51
Q

What knowledge is needed to assess and change people’s behaviours?

A

Factors that are considered a risk for development of oral disease and those factors that can be modified through preventive effots at the primary, secondary and tertiary levels

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52
Q

What factors are needed to assess and change people’s behaviours?

A

How to assess a person’s risk for development of disease
The level of scientific evidence for and the extent of certainty of the effectiveness of various preventive measures
Which categories of interventions yield the desired impact
Effective oral and written communication skills
Ways in which innovations are diffused and ways of bringing about organizational change
Ways to encourage people to access services and return for contiuing care
The structure of various health care systems and community-based organizations
How to deliver effective services and education
How to evaluate efforts

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53
Q

What is step one of planning public health programs?

A

Reflect on core functions of publich health. You must develop a community profile.

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54
Q

What is step two in planning public health programs?

A

Understanding the guiding documents used in health planning

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55
Q

What are the guiding documents used in health planning?

A

Achieving Health for All
Health People 2030
CHMS

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56
Q

What is step three in planning public health programs?

A

Know the indicators of oral health and how to measure them in a community

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57
Q

What is step four in planning public health programs?

A

Be familiar with the current status and trends related to the burden of oral diseases

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58
Q

What provides good benchmarks for assessing trends?

A

Healthy People 2010
Health People 2020

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59
Q

What is defined as the inclination or direction on a particular course over a period of time?

A

Trend

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60
Q

What is defined as the state of condition of disease?

A

Status

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61
Q

According to the Canadian Community Health survey 2022, how many Canadians reported seeing a dental professional in the last 12 months?

A

2/3

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62
Q

According to the Canadian Community Health survey 2022, Canadians do not have dental insurance?

A

1/3

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63
Q

How many Canadians are covered for dental by Government funded plans?

A

4%

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64
Q

According to the Canadian Community Health survey 2022, how many Canadians avoid getting dental care due to cost?

A

1/4

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65
Q

What is the most commonly chronic disease of childhood?

A

Caries

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66
Q

True or False: 80% of caries is experienced by approximately 25% of the population.

A

True

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67
Q

How many adults have gingivitis?

A

50%

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68
Q

How many adults have severe periodontal disease?

A

6%

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69
Q

What percentage of the population is edentulous?

A

6%

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70
Q

Does ethnicity increase the rates of edentulism?

A

Yes

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71
Q

How many children aged 6-11 have sealants?

A

32%

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72
Q

What is the 13th most common cancer in Canada?

A

Oral cancer

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73
Q

Oral cancer is the __th most common cancer worldwide.

A

6th

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74
Q

Nationally, what percentage of communities have fluoridated water?

A

37%

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75
Q

What is the term used to describe a group of Indengous individuals?

A

Aboriginal

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76
Q

What is the collective name for the original people of North America and their descendants?

A

Indigenous

77
Q

There are three distinct groups of aboriginals in Canada, who are they?

A

Frist Nations
Metis
Inuit

78
Q

Where can the highest concentration of Aboriginal populations can be found?

A
  1. Nunavut
  2. Northwst Territories
  3. Yukon Territory
  4. Manitoba
  5. Saskatchewan
79
Q

By 2040, how many Indigenous people will be in Canada?

A

2.5 million

80
Q

Is there one culture for all First Nations?

A

No

81
Q

Aboriginal culture is based on what three principles?

A

Responsibility
Reprocity
Respect

82
Q

When was the Indian Act enacted?

A

1876

83
Q

True or False: The overall gap in community wellbeing between Inigenous and non-Indigenous communities has closed over the last 40 years.

A

False. The overall gap in the community wellbeing between Indigenous and non-indigenous communities remains virtually unchanged for nearly 40 years.

84
Q

What is the legal rule to ensure all First Nations children living in Canada can access the products, services and supports they need, when they need them?

A

Jordan’s Principle

85
Q

The results of the Inuit Oral Health Survey indicated that tooth decay is __x worse than that of the average Canadian.

A

2-3x

86
Q

According to the First Nations results from the Oral Health survey 2008-2009 __% of 3-5 year olds have or have had a cavity.

A

85%

87
Q

According to the First Nations results from the Oral Health survey 2008-2009, __% of Inuit adults have had severe periodonal disease.

A

3.9%

88
Q

According to the First Nations results from the Oral Health survey 2008-2009, almost __% of Inuit adults 20+ are edentulous and __% of adults 40+ are edentulous.

A

10%
22%

89
Q

What are some factors influencing the Aboriginal health care experience?

A

Racism
Culture
Access to health information
Approach of the health care provider

90
Q

What aims to guarantee all Indigenous Peoples the right to equitable access to social and health services, as well as the right to enjoy the best possible physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health?

A

Joyce’s Principle

91
Q

What were the findings of the 2019 dental care study of Ontario’s indigenous people?

A

Extent of poor dental care
28% visited DDS only in emergency
They don’t know what programs are available

92
Q

What can we do for the Indigenous people?

A

Reconcilliation
Indigenization

93
Q

What is the collaborative process of naturalizing Indigenous intent, interactions, and processes, making them evident to transform spaces, places, and hearts.

A

Indigenization

94
Q

What are the three sections programs can be divided into?

A

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary

95
Q

What type of prevention is interfering with the onset of the disease? Also the absence of disease and broad based programs.

A

Primary prevention

96
Q

What are the requirements for optimal functioning of a primary preventive dental program?

A

Screening program
DHs and DAs who provide services to the ambulatory and non-ambulatory patients
Regulations - quality assurance
Supplies
Referral base

97
Q

What are the limitations to the implementation of primary preventive programs?

A

Funding
Manpower
Supplies

98
Q

What type of prevention attempts to detect a disease early and intervene early and/or regress before disease is established?

A

Secondary Prevention

99
Q

What are examples of secondary prevention targeted programs?

A

Fluoride rinse programs
Fluoridated school water programs
Dietary fluoride supplement programs
Salt fluoridation programs
Preventive resins

100
Q

What are the requirements for optimal functioning of a secondary preventive dental program?

A

Screening program
Dental hygienists and assistants who provide services
Dentists and specialists to provide care beyond the scope of DH and DA
Regulations - quality assurance
Supplies
Referral base

101
Q

What type of prevention is directed at managing established disease and to avoid further complications?

A

Tertiary prevention

102
Q

What are examples of tertiary prevention prgorams?

A

Sealants
Tobacco cessation
Water fluoridation
Oral health coalitions
Early childhood caries programs

103
Q

What are the five main challenges to accessing dental care?

A

Affordability
Availability
Accessibility
Accommodations
Acceptabilty

104
Q

What are the characteristics of public programs?

A

Developed to meet the needs of specific groups
Funding from federal provincial and municipal sources
Generally under financial strain now
Can be prevenative and or treatment based
Employ salaried dental personnel
Generally serve those eligible for welfare benefits of some kind

105
Q

Total public and private dental care in Cnada has increased from $1.3 billion in 1980 to ___ today.

A

$17.1 billion

106
Q

The publicly funded share of dental care has decreased from 20% in the early 1980s to __% today.

A

6%

107
Q

What areas of concern are being aided by programs that we need to prioritize?

A

Emergency care
Targeted care
Long term prevention

108
Q

Who is the Chief Dental Officer of Canada at the Public Health Agency of Canada that was appointed in September 2016?

A

Dr. James Taylor

109
Q

What are the four federal programs?

A

NIHB
Canadian Armed Forces and Veterans Affairs
Citizenship and Immigration
Inmates
RCMP
Federal Dental Care Program (new)

110
Q

The Canadian Dental Care Plan will cover ___ million Canadians

A

9 million

111
Q

What is the cost for the first 5 years of the Canadian Dental Care Plan?

A

$13 billion

112
Q

What will the cost of the Canadian Dental Care Plan be annually?

A

$4.4 billion

113
Q

What is the criteria for the CDCP?

A

No access to dental insurance
Annual adjusted family net income below $90,000
Canadian resident
Filed income taxes in previous year

114
Q

When will all remaining eligible Canadians be able to apply for the CDCP?

A

2025

115
Q

Is there an annual maximum for the CDCP?

A

No, but frequency limitations

116
Q

When was the CDCP guide presented?

A

February 2024

117
Q

What are the general principles of the CDCP?

A

Plan covers a range of procedures
Determined on an individual basis
Pre-d required for coverage over frequency limits
No maximum
Coverage from July 1-June 30th
Dependant on income

118
Q

Does client pay copays with CDCP?

A

Yes

119
Q

What initative was introduced in 2004, to prevent dental caries and improve oral health among the First Nations and Inuit children living on the reserves?

A

Children’s Oral Health Initative

120
Q

Who provides the funding for the Children’s Oral Health Initiative?

A

Federal government

121
Q

How many communities across Canada have implemented the Children’s Oral Health Initative?

A

231

122
Q

What is the role of the community health worker Children’s Oral Health Initative aide?

A

3 day training - 5 competencies
Link with community
Home visits
Schedule appointments
Fluoride varnish applications
Oral health education

123
Q

What is the purpose of the community health worker in Children’s Oral Health Initiative?

A

Increase reach and productivity of initiative

124
Q

What is the CDHA involvement with the Children’s Oral Health Initative?

A

Placement of RDHs for care
Interim stabilization therapy
Collaboration with Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami to develop culturally appropriate resources, oral health promotion materials

125
Q

What is the PUFA index?

A

Pulp exposure
Ulceration caused by dislocated tooth fragments
Fistula
Abscess

126
Q

What is Lift the Lip with Health Smile Happy Child?

A

A collaborative approach for parents and childcare workers to look in a child’s mouth for any signs of abnormalities

127
Q

When did the National Oral Health Research Strategy launch?

A

June 2024

128
Q

What is the focus of the National Oral Health Research Strategy?

A

Advancing the health of Canadians through search from 2024-2030

129
Q

What province has the lowest public funding for dental care per capita?

A

Ontario

130
Q

How many Ontarian’s do not have access to oral health services?

A

23-24%

131
Q

What are the provincal programs?

A

Water fluoridation programs
Screenings
Surveys
Cleft lip and palate program

132
Q

What was the Emergency and Essential Services Stream previously known as?

A

CINOT

133
Q

What is the Emergency and Essential Services Stream for?

A

A child not on HSO but a resident of Ontario whose family declares financial hardship can receive basic treatment to remove pain

134
Q

When was the Ontario Senior’s Dental Care program established?

A

2019

135
Q

Who is the Ontario Senior’s Dental Care Progam focused on?

A

Low income seniors

136
Q

How many seniors in Durham region will be eligible for treatment under the Ontario Senior’s Dental Care Program?

A

9,800 seniors

137
Q

Who is eligible for the Ontario Seniors Dental Care Plan?

A

Ontario residents over 65
Annual net income of $22,000 or less for a single person
Combined annual net income of $37,100 or less for a couple
No other dental benefits

138
Q

What are local oral health programs?

A

Public health units across the province have launched serveral oral health initiatives that are worthy of mention and commendation.

139
Q

How many communities are involved in the remote areas program?

A

30

140
Q

Where is Greenshield’s One Smile Research program run out of?

A

U of T

141
Q

What does the Oral Health Coalition do?

A

Post card campaign
Bus campaign
Pamphlets

142
Q

What were DH in Canada celebrating in 2023?

A

110 years of the funding of the dental hygiene profession and 50 years of our CDHA

143
Q

DH are expanding outside of the office box, which requires

A
  1. Evaluating the needs of a community
  2. Changes to legislation and public policies
144
Q

What are the disadvantaged groups in Canada?

A

Working poor
Youth
Elderly
Physically and/or mentally compromised
First nations
Immigrants
Institutionalized people

145
Q

Who is the directing and coordinating authority for health within the United Nations system?

A

WHO

146
Q

The WHO maintains stats on prevalence of dental diseases in more than ___ countries in its Global Oral Data bank.

A

170

147
Q

What are the most widespread of all human diseases?

A

Caries and periodontal diseases

148
Q

In Sweden, they saw a lower rate of dental decay in children by __% when implementing a preventative approach.

A

80-90%

149
Q

What term is defined as meaning that people and organiziations are expected to behave ethically and with sensitivity to social, cultural, economic and environmental issues?

A

Social responsibility

150
Q

What are the 3 P’s of professionalism?

A

Power
Privilege
Promise

151
Q

Power and privilege are awarded in exchange for the profession’s promise to

A

Place the rights of the client over self-interest and the rights of society over the rights of the profession

152
Q

What is defined as the conduct, aims, or qualities that characterize or mark a profession or professional person?

A

Professionalism

153
Q

What are the models of professionalism?

A

Commerical model
Guild model
Interactive model

154
Q

WHich model of professionalism has dental care viewed as a commodity sold by the practioner?

A

Commerical model

155
Q

Which model of professionalism has dental care as a privilege with the professional owning the dominant role in the practitioner/patient relationship?

A

Guild model

156
Q

Which model has dental care as a partnership of equals?

A

Interactive model

157
Q

What is the code by which the profession regulates actions and sets standards for its members, with the recognition that professionals are accountable for their actions?

A

Professional ethics

158
Q

What are the basic principles in bioethics?

A

Beneficence (do no harm)
Autonomy (individuality)
Veracity (honesty)
Justice

159
Q

What is defined as fair and equitable distribution of resources, including health services and other determinants of health among groups in society?

A

Social justice

160
Q

How can we achieve social justice?

A

Advocacy
Policy development
Lobbying

161
Q

What is defined as an individual who intentionally or unintentionnaly causes social, cultural or behavioural change?

A

Change agent

162
Q

What is needed within the dental hygiene profession to eliminate oral health disparities and to ensure access to oral health services for all?

A

Leadership

163
Q

DH leadership embraces

A

Social responsibility
Professionalism
Ethics
Communication

164
Q

What is defined as the support of social issues, policies and individuals, groups or communities to reduce inequities in oral health status and increase acccess to oral health services?

A

Advocacy

165
Q

How is health equity achieved?

A

When every person had the opportunity to attain his or her full health potential and no one is disadvantaged from achieving this potential because of social position or other socially determined circumstances.

166
Q

How can health equity be achieved?

A

By discussing problems directly with the policy makers
Delivering messages through the media
Strengthening the ability of local organiziations to advocate

167
Q

What is defined as the knowledge based action intended to influence system-level decisions for the purpose of improving health?

A

Health policy advocacy

168
Q

True or False: healthcare refom and restructuring is having growing impacts on social, economic and other public policies on health.

A

True

169
Q

What is the #1 unmet health need?

A

Dental care

170
Q

There is debate in the literature whether we are advocating

A

Change in oral health policy or
Healthy public policy

171
Q

What is defined as the act of attempting to influence decisions made by oficials in the governement?

A

Lobbying

172
Q

What public associations are involved in advocacy for improving oral health?

A

CDHA
CPHA
OAPHD
CAPHD
OOHA

173
Q

What do you need in addressing the community assessment?

A

Population demographics
Determinants of health
Geography
Transportation
Financing
Facilities
Leadership and community partnerships
Manpower

174
Q

What to use to assess knowledge and community behaviours

A

Surveys

175
Q

What to use to assess the dental needs of a population?

A

Indices

176
Q

What in involved in planning funding?

A

Levels of government support
CHMS
Legislation
Advocacy and social justice

177
Q

What is defined as the application of systematic methods to address questions about program operations and results?

A

Program evaluation

178
Q

Why should we evaluate a program?

A

For learning
For accountability

179
Q

What are the two stages within evaluation?

A
  1. Formative evaluation
  2. Summative evaluation
180
Q

Which stage of evaluation refers t the internal evaluation of the program, examination of the process of the program and is conducted in the program planning stage?

A

Formative evaluation

181
Q

Which stage of evaluation judges the merit of the program after implementation?

A

Summative evaluation

182
Q

What methods are used to evaluate programs

A

Combination of both qualitative and quantitative methods

183
Q

What are the non-clinical methods of evaluation?

A

Interviews
Surveys
Document analysis

184
Q

What are the clinical methods of evaluation?

A

Basic screenings
Epidemiological examinations
Indices
Using biostats

185
Q

What are included in biostatistics?

A

Null hypothesis
Quantitative/Qualitative
Independent/Dependent variables
Measures of central tendency
Measures of dispersion
Standard deviation
Variance
Correlation
P values
Confidence intervals

186
Q

What are the 8 steps of the framework for the evaluation program?

A
  1. Clarify program
  2. Engage stakeholders
  3. Assess resources
  4. Orangize and select evaluation questions
  5. Determine methods of measurement and procedures
  6. Develop work plan, budget and timeline
  7. Collect data
  8. Process data and analyze the results
  9. Interpret and disseminate results
  10. Take action
187
Q

What needs to be done in clarifying the program?

A

Ensure the program has clearly defined goals, populations of interest, outcomes, strategies, activities, outputs, and indicators

188
Q

What is involved in focusing the evaluation design?

A

Organize evaluation questions by type - formative, process, outcome. Select your key evaluation questions

189
Q

What else is process evaluation known as?

A

Tracking or monitoring

190
Q

The Canadian Health Measures Survey is currently processing ____ of data collecting.

A

Cycle 7

Community Health (3 decks)

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