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Community Health > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions that enhance health?

A

Health Community

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2
Q

What are the stages in health communication?

A

Developing and pretesting concepts
Implementing the program
Assessing effectiveness: refining

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3
Q

What is the key concept of health communication?

A

There is an expanding body of research addressing the challenges of disseminating health messages to the population

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4
Q

What involves creating, communicating and delivering health information and interventions using customer centered and science based strategies to protect and promote the health of diverse populations?

A

Health marketing

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5
Q

How to improve health messages?

A

Framing health messages
Tailoring health messages

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6
Q

What does framing health messages involve?

A

Using cues to signal how you want people to think about an issue
Attempts to connect people’s values, beliefs, knowlege levels and emotions
Sounds, symbols, words or pictures

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7
Q

What does tailoring health messages include?

A

Using strategies to personalize the message to make it more meaningful to specific individuals

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8
Q

What are the basic elements of the communication process?

A

Sender constructs message to inititate interpersonal communication
Message contains information te sender wishes to convey
Receiver accepts the message

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9
Q

What factors affect interpersonal communication?

A

Environmental Factors
Internal and Relationship Factors
Sociocultural Background Differences

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10
Q

What are environmental factors in interpersonal communication?

A

Lighting and acoustics

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11
Q

What are internal and relationship factors in interpersonal communication?

A

Perceptions
Values
Knowledge
Emotions
Level of need fulfillment

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12
Q

What are the forms of communication?

A

Verbal
Nonverbal

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13
Q

What is verbal communication?

A

Spoken words to convey a message

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14
Q

What is nonverbal communication?

A

Uses body language instead of words

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15
Q

What does CARE stand for?

A

Comfort
Acceptance
Responsiveness
Empathy

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16
Q

What type of communication occurs between a client and a healthcare provider?

A

Therapeutic Communication

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17
Q

What are the common therapeutic communication techniques?

A

Silence
Attentive Listening
Humor
Conveying Acceptance
Related Questions
Paraphrasing
Clarifying
Focusing
Stating Observations
Offering Information
Summarizing

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18
Q

Should nontherapeutic communication should be avoided by the dental hygienist?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What are factors that can inhibit communication?

A

Giving an opinion
Offering a false reassuracnce
Being defensive
Showing approval or disapproval
Asking why
Changing the subject inappropriately

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20
Q

How does life span affect communication for the dental hygienist with clients?

A

The communication and learning processes need to be tailored to each client’s age level

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21
Q

How to determine a communication format?

A

Include a needs assessment of the population

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22
Q

What does a needs assessment do?

A

Identifies important cultural beliefs, health practices and knowledge levels that result in barriers to care or that block behaviour change

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23
Q

What must communication content include?

A

Cultural sensitivity and linguistic competency

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24
Q

What is the ability to access, comprehend, evaluate and communicate information as a way to promote, maintain and improve health in a variety of settings across the life course?

A

Health literacy

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25
Q

What are the four domains of health literacy?

A

Access (can get the info)
Comprehend (can understand the info)
Communicate (can make decisions)
Evaluate

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26
Q

People usually remember ___% of what they read.

A

10%

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27
Q

People usually remember __% of what they hear.

A

20%

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28
Q

People usually remember __% of what they see.

A

30%

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29
Q

People usually remember __% of what they see and hear.

A

70%

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30
Q

People usually remember __% of what they see, hear and do.

A

90%

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31
Q

What is evaluating health messages?

A

Gaining baseline information about knowledge, attitudes or behaviours before the intervention

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32
Q

A fundamental error in many oral health education efforts is?

A

Incorrect assumption that increased knowledge will result in changes in behaviour

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33
Q

What equals behavioural change?

A

Attitude + knowledge

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34
Q

__% of children 5-17 are caries free in their permanent dentition.

A

55%

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35
Q

Other than family, what institution can do the most for child and adolescent health?

A

The school system

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36
Q

What is a comination of planned learning experiences designed to facilitate voluntary actions conducive to health?

A

Health education

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37
Q

Can health education alone function as a preventative measure?

A

No

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38
Q

Has an relationship between health education and improved outcomes in health been proven?

A

No

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39
Q

What are the outcomes of oral health education?

A

To assist people in making decisions about their oral health and to choose behaviours conducive to maintaining health.

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40
Q

What is a planned, systematic and ongoing learning opportunity that enables all students (K - 12) to be productive learners and to make well-considered health decisions throughout their lives.

A

Comprehensive School Health Education

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41
Q

True or False: healthy children are better learners.

A

True

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42
Q

What is part of the Durham Public Health mandate in regards to dental health?

A

The dental department of Durham Public Health is to mandate the advocacy for oral health.

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43
Q

What are the goals of the dental disease prevention programs?

A

Instill self-awareness and responsiblities in dental health
Encourage decision making about dental health
Encourage students to develop appropriate skills to prevent oral disease
Instill positive values and attitudes about dental health to ensure lifelong learning

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44
Q

What are aspects of preventive education?

A

Flourides
Plaque control
Tooth-brushing
FLossing
Nutrition
Dental safety
Risks of tobacco
Dental office visits

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45
Q

What needs to be included in a dental health lesson?

A

Goals
Objectives
Anticipatory Planning
Instruction
Guided Practice
Closure

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46
Q

What is a goal in a lesson plan?

A

A general statement that describes the major purpose of a program or course

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47
Q

What are objectives in a lesson plan?

A

Instructional objectives that are specific, precise and immediate while also being measurable.

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48
Q

What needs to be included in an objective for a lesson plan?

A

Audience - who
Behaviour - what
Condition - when
Degree - how well

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49
Q

What needs to be included in anticipatory planning?

A

Focus the students’ attention using a question, problem, interesting fact, or visual
Establish a purpose for the lesson

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50
Q

What is included in instruction for a lesson plan?

A

The information needed to meet the objectives

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51
Q

What are the two main ways to build measures associated with indicators?

A

Survey questions
Clinical measures

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52
Q

What is the study of the distribution of health-related quality of states or events in specific populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems?

A

Epidemiology

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53
Q

What are the two types of epidemiology?

A

Classical epidemiology
Clinical epidemiology

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54
Q

What are the aims of epidemiology?

A
  1. Describe the distribution and size of diseases in human population
  2. Identify etiological factors in the pathgenesis of disease
  3. Provide data essentil to the planning, implrementation, and evaluation of services for the prevention, control and treatment of disease
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55
Q

What are the uses of epidemiologic research?

A

Understanding the natural history of disease
Describe trends
Trusting hypotheses for prevention and control of disease
Measures distribution of health status, diseases, injuries, disabilties, births, and deaths in a population
Planing and evaluating health care services
Studying non disease entities
Evaluating appropriateness of health care services
Identifying risk factors and determinants of disease

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56
Q

What are the health trends of the 21st century?

A

Changes in social conditions
Shifts in views of cival and human rights
Shofts in government involvements
Population growth, migration and demographic changes
TEchnological changes influencing work, home communities
Advancements in medicine
Impact of flobalization and urbanization

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57
Q

What are the major variables that describe the distribution of disease?

A

Person
Place
Time

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58
Q

What are the principal factors analyzed in epidemiology?

A

Distribution
Population dynamics
Occurances
Affected population
Place characteristics
Time
Determinants

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59
Q

What is an attribute or exposure that increases the probability of disease occurance?

A

Risk factor

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60
Q

What is a factor that results in a certain outcome and is determined by experimental factors?

A

Causative factor

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61
Q

What are the three factors in the multi-causal theory of disease?

A

Environment
Agent
Host

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62
Q

What are some host risk factors?

A

Genetics
Age
Race
Ethnicity
Culture
Gender
SES
PErsonal behaviours or habits

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63
Q

What are some agent risk factors?

A

Chemical
Microbial
Physical or mechanical irriatants

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64
Q

What are some environmental risk factors?

A

Climate
Food
Socio-economic conditions
Sanitation
Media
Beliefs
Housing
Technology

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65
Q

What are the aims of public health?

A

Describe the health status of the population
Explain the etiology of disease
Predict the occurance of disease
Control the distribution of disease

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66
Q

What is concerned with describing the general characteristics of the distribution of a disease in relation to person, place, and time?

A

Descriptive studies

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67
Q

What determines the cause of disease or determines if a relationship exists between a factor and disease?

A

Analytical studies

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68
Q

What is used to test new disease interventions?

A

Experimental studies

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69
Q

What is the frequency of a development of a new illness in a population ina certain period of time?

A

Incidence

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70
Q

What is the current number of people suffering from a specific illness in a given year

A

Prevalence

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71
Q

What are the types of measurements in oral health?

A

Counts
Proportions
Rate
Index

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72
Q

What is a count in health research?

A

Simple counts of cases

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73
Q

What is a proportion in health research?

A

A count divided by the population of the groups (prevalence)

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74
Q

What is the rate in health research?

A

Rate uses a standard denominator and a time dimension. Ex. infant mortality within the first year of life per 1000 births.

75
Q

What is index in health research?

A

A graduated, numerical scale with upper and lower limits, with score on the scale corresponding to specific criteria

76
Q

Can index measure the level of a specific disease or condition of a population?

A

Yes

77
Q

Do indices allow for measuring disease severity rather than just disease prevalence?

A

Yes

78
Q

What is a graduated, numerical scale with upper and lower limits, with score on the scale corresponding to a specific criteria?

A

Index

79
Q

What are the four types of scales?

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

80
Q

What scale type gives names to conditions only?

A

Nominal

81
Q

What type of scale lists conditions in order of intensity only?

A

Ordinal

82
Q

What type of scale uses numbers in measuring that have a mathematical relationship to each other and does not have a true zero point?

A

Interval

83
Q

What type of scale uses numbers as representative of a mathematical relationship as in interval scales?

A

Ratio

84
Q

What type of scale is stages of cancer?

A

Ordinal

85
Q

What type of scale is temperature?

A

Interval

86
Q

What type of scale is height, weight, and pulse rate?

A

Ratio

87
Q

What are oral hygiene indices?

A

Indices used that measure levels of oral hygeine to establish a baseline and monitor a client’s oral self care progress and survey the oral hygiense status within a population.

88
Q

What are the properties of an ideal index?

A

Valid
Reliable
Clear, simple, and objective
Quantifiable
Sensitive
Acceptable

89
Q

What information would dental indexes provide for community health?

A

Clinical information about the needs of the population

90
Q

What are the different categories of index?

A

Simple Index
Cumulative Index
Irreversible Index
Reversible Index

91
Q

What index measures the presence or absence of a condition?

A

Simple Index

92
Q

What index measures all the evidence of a condition past and present?

A

Cumulative Index

93
Q

What index measures conditions that will not change such as dental caries?

A

Irreversible Index

94
Q

What index measures conditions that can be changed such as plaque?

A

Reversible Index

95
Q

Where does early childhood caries usually affect most?

A

Max 2-2

96
Q

What does DMF stand for?

A

Decayed
Missing due to decay
Filled

97
Q

What is used instead of DMF for primary dentition?

A

DEFS
DEFT

98
Q

What does DEFS stand for?

A

Decayed
Extracted
Filled

99
Q

What is the difference between DMFT and DMFS or DEFS and DEFT?

A

Decayed, missing, filled TEETH vs decayed, missing, filled SURFACES

100
Q

What is the specific criteria for DMF?

A

3rd molars don’t count
Un-erupted teeth don’t count
Congenitally missing teeth don’t count
Teeth removed for reasons other than caries don’t count
Teeth restored for reaons other than caries don’t count
Permanent and temp restos are recorded

101
Q

What are the consideration in the use of the DMF index?

A

Count not a ratio
Equal weight is assigned to filled, missing, and decayed teeth
M component can be inaccurate
Doesn’t differentiate between which surfaces are affected
Doesn’t distinguish between primary caries and recurrent

102
Q

What would high D and low F indicate?

A

High caries experience with low utilization of the dental environment

103
Q

What would high F and low D indicate?

A

High caries experience with high utilization of dental care

104
Q

What would high M indicate?

A

Possibly emergency care only

105
Q

What teeth are the most susceptible to caries in order?

A
  1. Mand 1st and 2nd molars
  2. Max 1st and 2nd molars
  3. Mand 2nd bicuspids, max 1st and 2nd bicuspids, max centrals and laterals
  4. Mand centals and laterals, mand canines
106
Q

Do males or females have a higher DMF score than males?

A

Females

107
Q

Which component of DMF is higher in males?

A

D

108
Q

What components of DMF is higher in females?

A

F

109
Q

What are the host risk factors for caries?

A

Age
Gender
Race and ethnicity
SES
Genetic patterns

110
Q

What are agent risks factors for caries?

A

Bacteria

111
Q

What are the environmental risk factors for caries?

A

Diet
Social factors
SES
Race and ethnicity

112
Q

What is the measurement tools for dental caries?

A

DMFT
RCI: Root Caries Index (prevalence measure in ratio)
Root surfaces with attachment loss divided by Root surfaces (D & F) x 100 = ___%

113
Q

What is the BSS?

A

Basic Screening Survey

114
Q

How is BSS done?

A

Each person is asked yes or no on caries experience, treated or untreated caries

115
Q

How to measure dental fluorosis?

A

Dean’s Fluorosis Index
Dean’s Community Fluorosis Index
Tooth Surface Index of Fluorosis
Thylstrup-Fejerskov Index
Fluorosis Risk Index

116
Q

Which fluorosis index was from the 1930’s and uses a 6 point ordinal scale?

A

Dean’s Flourosis Index (DFI)

117
Q

What fluorosis index is a 7 point ordinal scale with artbitrary numerical values added and count only the two most affected teeth in the mouth?

A

Dean’s Community Fluorosis Index (CFI)

118
Q

What fluorosis index was developed at NIDR and uses a 7 point ordinal scale scoring all surfaces in the mouth?

A

Tooth Surface Index of Flourosis

119
Q

What fluorosis index includes catergories that are matched to histologic features of the affected surfaces and teeth are scored according to an 8 point ordinal scale?

A

Thylstrup-Fejersjov Index (TF)

120
Q

What flourosis index identifies and measures risk factors for fluorosis and divides buccal and occlusal surfaces in 4 zones based on age of calcification?

A

Fluorosis Risk Index (FRI)

121
Q

What percentage of the population exhibit severe periodontitis?

A

7-15%

122
Q

Is mild gingivitis and mild-moderate periodontal disease common?

A

Yes

123
Q

Is bacterial flora associate with gingivitis and periodontitis identical?

A

No, but similar

124
Q

Is periodontitis the major cause of tooth loss in adults?

A

No

125
Q

Do we have an epidemic of periodontitis?

A

Yes

126
Q

What is the 12th most common condition in the world?

A

Periodontitis

127
Q

How to measure periodontal disease?

A

LPA/LOA/CAL
Pocket depth
Radiographic bone loss
Gingival bleeding
Presence of plaque and calculus

128
Q

What are the bleeding indices?

A

Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI)
Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI)
Eastman Interdental Bleeding Index (EIBI)

129
Q

What are the colour, contour, and consistency indices?

A

Gingival Index (GI)
Modified Gingival Index (MGI)

130
Q

What is the difference between gingival index and modified gingival index?

A

Modified introduces changes from the GI through non-invasive (no probing) and assessing the inflammation of the gingival tissues via clinical observation

131
Q

What is the most widely used gingival index in clinical trials of therapeutic agents?

A

MGI

132
Q

What indices are used to measure peridontal diseases?

A

Periodontal Index (PI)
Composite Index (CI)
Periodontal Disease Index (PDI)
Extent and Severity Index (ESI)
Community Periodontal Index (CPI)

133
Q

What index was created by Russell in 1960 to correlate disease with clinical and social determinants?

A

Periodontal Index (PI)

134
Q

What index is used to measure pocket depths and has been rendered useless today?

A

Composite Index (CI)

135
Q

What index is more sensitive than PI and measure loss of attachment?

A

Periodontal Disease Index (PDI)

136
Q

What index uses Ramfjord teeth and records a percentage of sites with CAL and the mean of those sites? It is a summarizing technique.

A

Extent and Severity Index (ESI)

137
Q

What index was developed by the WHO in 1982 using a customized probe that evaluated 10 teeth to measure the periodontal status of a community?

A

Community Periodontal Index (CPI)

138
Q

What indicies are used to measure oral hygiene status?

A

OHI-S (assess 6 teeth, 16, 14, 11, 31, 34, 36)
PLI (the one used in clinic plaque index)
PHP (patient hygiene performance, plaque on surfaces)

139
Q

Best index to measure caries?

A

DMFT/S

140
Q

Best index to measure gingivitis?

A

OHI-S, PLI, PHO, GI, SBI, EIBI, GBI

141
Q

What cancer includes the lip, tongue, buccal mucosa, floor of the mouth, salivary glands and pharynx?

A

Oral cancer

142
Q

What is the most common intraoral malignacy worldwide?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

143
Q

What percentage of oral cancers are squamous cell carcinomas?

A

> 90%

144
Q

Why is it that recently the number of young healthy Canadians developing head and neck cancers increased? (Mainly in the tonsils and tongue)

A

HPV-16

145
Q

What is the 13th most common cancer in Canada?

A

Oral cancer

146
Q

What percentage of adults have at least one oral lesion in their mouth?

A

12%

147
Q

What percentage of edentulous adults have at least one oral lesion in their mouth?

A

41%

148
Q

What site is oral cancer most common?

A

The tongue

149
Q

What is the most common site of oral cancer for smokers?

A

The pharynx

150
Q

What are the risk factors for oral cancer?

A

Age
Race and minority men
Gender
Tobacco usage
Alcohol consumption
Combined used of tobacco and alcohol
Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light
Dietary deficiencies-diet low in fruits and vegetables
Population trends
Immunosuppression
HPV

151
Q

How many years is the survival rate of oral cancer?

A

5 years

152
Q

What to watch for as dental professionals for oral cancer?

A

Leukplakia
Precancerous lesions

153
Q

Does cleft lip occur more in males or females?

A

Males

154
Q

Does cleft palate occur more in males or females?

A

Females

155
Q

What are the 10 leading health indicators?

A

Physical activity
Obesity
Tobacco use
Substance abuse
Responsible sexul behaviour
Mental health
Injury and violence
Environmental quality
Immunization
Access to health care

156
Q

What is the overarching goals that provide a general direction for the development of a set of objectives that will measure progress in population health within a specific time period?

A

Healthy People 2030 Framework

157
Q

What is the current state of a condition?

A

Status

158
Q

What is the direction of a condtiion on a particular course over a period of time?

A

Trend

159
Q

When did the government of Canada appointment Canada’s first Chief of Public Health Officer to head the Public Health Agency of Canada?

A

September 24, 2004.

160
Q

What is the state of the nation in Canada for dentists?

A

CDA recommends the immediate placement of a Chief Dental Officer to spearhead oral health promotion activities including the collection of statisitical oral health indicators.

161
Q

When was the last national health survey in Canada?

A

1970-1972

162
Q

What is a national survery that will collect information from Canadians about their general health and health habits?

A

Canadian Health Measures Survey

163
Q

When was the Canadian Health Measures Survey conducted?

A

2007-2009

164
Q

Who was surveyed in the Canadian Health Measures Survey?

A

Canadians ages 6-79

165
Q

What were the objectives of the Canadian Health Measures Survey?

A
  1. To determine estimates of Canadian with various Health conditions
  2. To estimate distribution patterns, risk factors and characteristics of certain diseases
  3. To determine validity of self vs proxy data
  4. Risk factors/health status relationships
  5. To explore new emerging public health issues
166
Q

What was the sample size of the Canadian Health Measures Survey?

A

6000

167
Q

What physical measurements were done in the Canadian Health Measures Survey?

A

BP
Grip strength
Fitness flexibility
Spirometry
Oral health
Blood samples
Urine samples
Tissue storage

168
Q

What self/proxy measurements were done in the Canadian Health Measures Survey?

A

Nutrition
Smoking habits
Alcohol use
Medical history
Current health status
Sexual behaviour
Lifestyle
Oral health
Fitness
Socioeconomic
Demographic

169
Q

According to the Canadian Health Measures Survey, what percentage of Canadians have chewing problems? What about for over 65?

A

13%
33%

170
Q

According to the Canadian Health Measures Survey, what percentage of Canadians have problems with speech?

A

10%

171
Q

According to the Canadian Health Measures Survey, how many adults report a toothache once a month?

A

9%

172
Q

According to the Canadian Health Measures Survey, how many Canadians avoid certain foods because of problems with their teeth or mouth in the past year?

A

12%

173
Q

According to the Canadian Health Measures Survey, how many Canadians report that they had ongoing pain in their mouth in the past year?

A

12%

174
Q

According to the Canadian Health Measures Survey. Children aged 6-11 had what DEFT?

A

2.5

175
Q

According to the Canadian Health Measures Survey, adolescents aged 12-19 had what DMFT?

A

2.5

176
Q

According to the Canadian Health Measures Survey, adults had what DMFT?

A

10.67

177
Q

According to the Canadian Health Measures Survey, how many people over 15 were edentulous?

A

6%

178
Q

What is the mortality rate of oral and pharyngeal cancer?

A

1/3

179
Q

According to the Canadian Health Measures Survey, what percentage of adults have a history of cavities?

A

96%

180
Q

According to the Canadian Health Measures Survey, what percentage of Canadians brush 2x per day?

A

73%

181
Q

According to the Canadian Health Measures Survey, how many Canadians floss at least 5x per week?

A

28%

182
Q

How much has caries severity decreased since 1972?

A

50%

183
Q
A

Community Health (2 decks)

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