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Brain and Behavior > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

James Lange Theory

A

Sensation reaction triggers heart racing, ect. and induces perception which fuel emotion

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2
Q

Cannon Bard Theory

A

Simultaneous feeling of fear state with autonomic reaction. Stimulus interpretect and simultaneous changes to behavior and reaction, with emotional experience.

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3
Q

LTP takes place in

A

Hippocampus

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4
Q

Mg ejected during

A

learning

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5
Q

Hippocampus is the and is used in

A

Brains GPS in Spatial Memory

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6
Q

Place Cells in

A

Hippocampus

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7
Q

Scalability

A

level of intensity

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8
Q

Valence

A

Pleasant or unplesant

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9
Q

Persistence

A

observed response to stimulus outlasts the length of stimulus.
Differentiates emotion vs reflex

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10
Q

Generalization

A

Conditioned response to threatening object is exhibited in the presence of similar stimuli (baby albert and PTSD)

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11
Q

Global Coordination

A

: suite of behavior and physiological changes after stimulus.
Emotional stimuli elicit changes in the brain: causes a complete change in physiology and behavior. Example: defensive respose.

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12
Q

Social Communication:

A

facial expressions

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13
Q

Fear inducing stimulus reaches

A

thalamus

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14
Q

Fear reactions go from thalamus to

A

amygdala “low road” or hippocampus “high road”

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15
Q

Urbach-Wiethe Disease

A

S.M

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16
Q

Urbach-Wiethe disease caused by

A

hyaline material in the skin, mucous membranes, and brain, particularly in the medial temporal lobes, including the amygdala.
Bilateral calcification and damage to the amygdala

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17
Q

Persistence

A

optogenetic freezing.

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18
Q

PAG

A

structure for defensive behaviors, mediating responses such as freezing, flight, and fight. receives input from the amygdala, particularly the central amygdala (CeA), to execute context-appropriate defensive strategies.

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19
Q

Sham Rage

A

exaggerated display of aggression and emotional response, when the brain’s higher regulatory centers (like cerebral cortex) are removed or disconnected from subcortical regions.
a behavioral and physical response that appears to be anger but is not accompanied by an internal feeling of anger

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20
Q

Testosterone and other androgens act on the _______ to modulate aggression.

A

hypothalamus

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21
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome has
Damage to

A

medial temporal lobes

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22
Q

in response to stress ________ activates

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

stress is trigger for

A

mental illness

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24
Q

Chlorpromazine blocks

A

dopamine for schizophrenia

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25
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

symptoms are present but shouldn’t be - hallucinations (auditory), delusions, disorganized speech, bizarre behaviors. Not present in typical population

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26
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

characteristics and emotions that are absent but should be and are present in typical people : no emotion or motivation, flat affect

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27
Q

50% heritability of

A

schizophrenia

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28
Q

Schizo Diagnosis

A

Eye tracking (Disoriented in schizophrenia, smooth in typical people)
Brain Grey Matter (where cell bodies live) Loss
Ventricular Enlargement

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29
Q

Depression has more ______ but in shorter cycles

A

REM

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30
Q

SSRI’s block

A

reuptake

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31
Q

Brain Activity Patterns in Depression
Increase Activity in

A

prefrontal cortex and amygdala

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32
Q

In depression, more

A

reuptake & less monoanimes

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33
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy goal

A

Aims to break the cycle with directed changes in behavior, thought exercises
Goal: Induce plasticity.

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34
Q

Temperature Receptors

A

skin surface, body core, hypothalamus

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35
Q

Neural Regions that detect Temperature

A

spinal cord, brainstem, hypothalamus.

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36
Q

Negative Feedback

A

Kick something on, when out of ideal homeostasis. Turns off when setpoint is reached.

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37
Q

Redundancy

A

Multiple brain systems that perform the same general function.
Provides fail safe mechanisms for vital functions.

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38
Q

Allostasis

A

Allostasis tries to predict body stress by regulating other systems. the body adjusts its systems dynamically to meet the demands of different situations.

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39
Q

Behavioral Compensation

A

Animals use behavioral compensation to adjust to environmental changes.
Helps them acquire more food/water : to achieve homeostatsis.
Temperature Regulating Behavior:
Change body’s exposure: huddling or extending limbs
Change external insulation: clothing or nests
Changes surroundings: moving to shade, sun, or burrowing.

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40
Q

What the brain uses for energy

A

glucose

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41
Q

Need _________ to make glucose

A

insulin

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42
Q

Metabolic adaptation is an example of

A

Allostasis

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43
Q

Insulin

A

pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose, promotes energy storage, and facilitates glucose utilization by cells.

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44
Q

Leptin provides information about

A

current energy stores

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45
Q

Does Leptin increase or decrease feeding behavior

A

decreases

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46
Q

Leptin and the neuron

A

POMC

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47
Q

Leptin inhibits

A

NYP

48
Q

Grellin stimulates

A

Appetite

49
Q

PYY inhibits

A

Appetite

50
Q

Arcuate Nucleus

A

appetite network

51
Q

Adipose tissue releases

A

leptin

52
Q

satiety signals

A

PYY

53
Q

PYY spikes to high levels during

A

meal ingestion and releases an appetite suppressant. - Curbs appetite.

54
Q

GLP

A

Produced by intestines and shuts down feeding
Especially if the meal is high in fats and carbohydrates.
Receptors in the brain: with appetite.
Blocks the effects of ghrelin on metabolism and appetite.

55
Q

Lower food intake contributes to

A

higher reliance on stored fat for energy, increasing overall metabolic activity.

56
Q

Orexigenic Receptors

A

Promote feeding behavior and appetite in lateral hypothalamus.

57
Q

Anorexic receptors

A

Coordinate signals that decrease appetite and feeding in the paraventricular nucleus.

58
Q

Leptin mutations cause

A

obesity

59
Q

Ultradian

A

shorter rhythms; minutes or days.

60
Q

Infradin

A

longer rhythms; more than a day. - human menstrual cycle.

61
Q

Entrainment

A

shifts the rhythm

62
Q

Retinal ganglion cells send their axons along

A

retinal hypothalamic pathway to synapse directly with SCN.

63
Q

Day

A

Increase in body temperature, cortisol hormone, and blood pressure
Decrease in melatonin, growth hormone, testosterone, and prolactin

64
Q

Night

A

Increase in melatonin, growth hormone, testosterone, and prolactin
Decrease in body temperature, cortisol hormone, and blood pressure

65
Q

cones that detect

A

blue light

66
Q

Pineal gland makes

A

melatonin

67
Q

clock and cycle dimer in

A

SCN

68
Q

clock and cycle bind to

A

DNA

69
Q

DNA promotes

A

transcription

70
Q

what genes from DNA bind to form dimer

A

per and cry

71
Q

SCN

A

negative feedback

72
Q

More proteins accumulated throughout the day

A

(longer awake = more period - per and crytpocrome - cry)

73
Q

Proteins degrade

A

overnight

74
Q

glutamate promotes

A

wakefulness

75
Q

Fully awake

A

beta and high frequency low waves

76
Q

Drowsy/Stage 1

A

alpha, small amplitude, vertical spikes, heart rate decreases.

77
Q

Stage 2

A

sleep spindles (dense cluster of waves) and k complex (slow wave, high amplitude)

78
Q

Stage 3

A

SWS, Delta, GABA released into tuberomammillary, large, slow waves. deep sleep, Pituitary releases growth hormone.

79
Q

REM Sleep

A

scans look like they are awake. deep muscle relaxation, inhibit motor neurons, vivid dreams and imagery, irregular breathing

80
Q

Non-REM dreams

A

thinking

81
Q

REM dreams

A

visual storyline imagery

82
Q

Nightmare

A

long, frightening dream where sleeper awakens from REM.

83
Q

Night terror

A

arousal from stage 3 sleep: intense fear and autonomic activation, does not recall dream. “Crushing feeling on chest”
Birds and dolphins: unilateral sleep.

84
Q

Endogenpus clock starts at around

A

4 months

85
Q

Infants have high precentage of

A

REM sleep (very active sleep)

86
Q

Basal Forebrain

A

Promotes SWS

87
Q

Brainstem

A

Promotes wakefulness and alertness

88
Q

Medulla

A

REM

89
Q

Hypothalamus

A

(hypcretin) coordinates the other 3 brain regions to determine what state we are in and enforce patterns.

90
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Loss of hypocretin/orexin neurons

91
Q

Cataplexy

A

Muscle weakness

92
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Cant move or talk before sleep

93
Q

sleep Enuresis

A

bed-wetting

94
Q

Somnambulism

A

sleepwalking - stage 3 SWS

95
Q

REM Behavior Disorder

A

acting out dreams beacuse muscles arent paralyzed.

96
Q

REM Behavior Disorder lesion near

A

locus coeruleus

97
Q

HM had

A

severe aterograde

98
Q

HM cant form

A

new episodic/declartive memories

99
Q

HM had his _____ __________ ______ removed

A

hippocampus, amygdala, and some temporal lobe areas.

100
Q

Explicit - Declarative Memory

A

facts and information acquired via learning

101
Q

Implicit - Nondeclarative Memory

A

Procedural memory shown by performance; show by doing.

102
Q

Cerebellum and

A

Associative learning

103
Q

The Engram

A
  • a neuronal encoding that provides a physical location for a memory - memory trace
    Gives memories a physical location
104
Q

MMMedial Temporal lobes

A

Memory

105
Q

Medial temporal lobes move

A

short to long term

106
Q

Hippocampus moves short-long via

A

consolidation

107
Q

Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) in

A

Hippocampus at synapses

108
Q

LTP Ligand

A

glutamate

109
Q

low level; glutamate releases only to

A

AMPA

110
Q

Mg blocks

A

NMDA

111
Q

Large quantities of glutamate released

A

Depolarization

112
Q

Mg ejected and _____ flows through ____

A

Na, AMPA

113
Q

Na depolarizes so

A

Ca flows

114
Q

Urbach-Wiethe Disease

A

SM cant feel fear

115
Q
A

Brain and Behavior (3 decks)

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