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Brain and Behavior > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

James Lange Theory

A

Sensation reaction triggers heart racing, ect. and induces perception which fuel emotion

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2
Q

Cannon Bard Theory

A

Simultaneous feeling of fear state with autonomic reaction. Stimulus interpretect and simultaneous changes to behavior and reaction, with emotional experience.

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3
Q

LTP takes place in

A

Hippocampus

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4
Q

Mg ejected during

A

learning

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5
Q

Hippocampus is the and is used in

A

Brains GPS in Spatial Memory

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6
Q

Place Cells in

A

Hippocampus

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7
Q

Scalability

A

level of intensity

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8
Q

Valence

A

Pleasant or unplesant

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9
Q

Persistence

A

observed response to stimulus outlasts the length of stimulus.
Differentiates emotion vs reflex

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10
Q

Generalization

A

Conditioned response to threatening object is exhibited in the presence of similar stimuli (baby albert and PTSD)

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11
Q

Global Coordination

A

: suite of behavior and physiological changes after stimulus.
Emotional stimuli elicit changes in the brain: causes a complete change in physiology and behavior. Example: defensive respose.

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12
Q

Social Communication:

A

facial expressions

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13
Q

Fear inducing stimulus reaches

A

thalamus

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14
Q

Fear reactions go from thalamus to

A

amygdala “low road” or hippocampus “high road”

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15
Q

Urbach-Wiethe Disease

A

S.M

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16
Q

Urbach-Wiethe disease caused by

A

hyaline material in the skin, mucous membranes, and brain, particularly in the medial temporal lobes, including the amygdala.
Bilateral calcification and damage to the amygdala

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17
Q

Persistence

A

optogenetic freezing.

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18
Q

PAG

A

structure for defensive behaviors, mediating responses such as freezing, flight, and fight. receives input from the amygdala, particularly the central amygdala (CeA), to execute context-appropriate defensive strategies.

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19
Q

Sham Rage

A

exaggerated display of aggression and emotional response, when the brain’s higher regulatory centers (like cerebral cortex) are removed or disconnected from subcortical regions.
a behavioral and physical response that appears to be anger but is not accompanied by an internal feeling of anger

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20
Q

Testosterone and other androgens act on the _______ to modulate aggression.

A

hypothalamus

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21
Q

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome has
Damage to

A

medial temporal lobes

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22
Q

in response to stress ________ activates

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

stress is trigger for

A

mental illness

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24
Q

Chlorpromazine blocks

A

dopamine for schizophrenia

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25
Positive Symptoms
symptoms are present but shouldn't be - hallucinations (auditory), delusions, disorganized speech, bizarre behaviors. Not present in typical population
26
Negative Symptoms
characteristics and emotions that are absent but should be and are present in typical people : no emotion or motivation, flat affect
27
50% heritability of
schizophrenia
28
Schizo Diagnosis
Eye tracking (Disoriented in schizophrenia, smooth in typical people) Brain Grey Matter (where cell bodies live) Loss Ventricular Enlargement
29
Depression has more ______ but in shorter cycles
REM
30
SSRI's block
reuptake
31
Brain Activity Patterns in Depression Increase Activity in
prefrontal cortex and amygdala
32
In depression, more
reuptake & less monoanimes
33
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy goal
Aims to break the cycle with directed changes in behavior, thought exercises Goal: Induce plasticity.
34
Temperature Receptors
skin surface, body core, hypothalamus
35
Neural Regions that detect Temperature
spinal cord, brainstem, hypothalamus.
36
Negative Feedback
Kick something on, when out of ideal homeostasis. Turns off when setpoint is reached.
37
Redundancy
Multiple brain systems that perform the same general function. Provides fail safe mechanisms for vital functions.
38
Allostasis
Allostasis tries to predict body stress by regulating other systems. the body adjusts its systems dynamically to meet the demands of different situations.
39
Behavioral Compensation
Animals use behavioral compensation to adjust to environmental changes. Helps them acquire more food/water : to achieve homeostatsis. Temperature Regulating Behavior: Change body’s exposure: huddling or extending limbs Change external insulation: clothing or nests Changes surroundings: moving to shade, sun, or burrowing.
40
What the brain uses for energy
glucose
41
Need _________ to make glucose
insulin
42
Metabolic adaptation is an example of
Allostasis
43
Insulin
pancreatic hormone that lowers blood glucose, promotes energy storage, and facilitates glucose utilization by cells.
44
Leptin provides information about
current energy stores
45
Does Leptin increase or decrease feeding behavior
decreases
46
Leptin and the neuron
POMC
47
Leptin inhibits
NYP
48
Grellin stimulates
Appetite
49
PYY inhibits
Appetite
50
Arcuate Nucleus
appetite network
51
Adipose tissue releases
leptin
52
satiety signals
PYY
53
PYY spikes to high levels during
meal ingestion and releases an appetite suppressant. - Curbs appetite.
54
GLP
Produced by intestines and shuts down feeding Especially if the meal is high in fats and carbohydrates. Receptors in the brain: with appetite. Blocks the effects of ghrelin on metabolism and appetite.
55
Lower food intake contributes to
higher reliance on stored fat for energy, increasing overall metabolic activity.
56
Orexigenic Receptors
Promote feeding behavior and appetite in lateral hypothalamus.
57
Anorexic receptors
Coordinate signals that decrease appetite and feeding in the paraventricular nucleus.
58
Leptin mutations cause
obesity
59
Ultradian
shorter rhythms; minutes or days.
60
Infradin
longer rhythms; more than a day. - human menstrual cycle.
61
Entrainment
shifts the rhythm
62
Retinal ganglion cells send their axons along
retinal hypothalamic pathway to synapse directly with SCN.
63
Day
Increase in body temperature, cortisol hormone, and blood pressure Decrease in melatonin, growth hormone, testosterone, and prolactin
64
Night
Increase in melatonin, growth hormone, testosterone, and prolactin Decrease in body temperature, cortisol hormone, and blood pressure
65
cones that detect
blue light
66
Pineal gland makes
melatonin
67
clock and cycle dimer in
SCN
68
clock and cycle bind to
DNA
69
DNA promotes
transcription
70
what genes from DNA bind to form dimer
per and cry
71
SCN
negative feedback
72
More proteins accumulated throughout the day
(longer awake = more period - per and crytpocrome - cry)
73
Proteins degrade
overnight
74
glutamate promotes
wakefulness
75
Fully awake
beta and high frequency low waves
76
Drowsy/Stage 1
alpha, small amplitude, vertical spikes, heart rate decreases.
77
Stage 2
sleep spindles (dense cluster of waves) and k complex (slow wave, high amplitude)
78
Stage 3
SWS, Delta, GABA released into tuberomammillary, large, slow waves. deep sleep, Pituitary releases growth hormone.
79
REM Sleep
scans look like they are awake. deep muscle relaxation, inhibit motor neurons, vivid dreams and imagery, irregular breathing
80
Non-REM dreams
thinking
81
REM dreams
visual storyline imagery
82
Nightmare
long, frightening dream where sleeper awakens from REM.
83
Night terror
arousal from stage 3 sleep: intense fear and autonomic activation, does not recall dream. “Crushing feeling on chest” Birds and dolphins: unilateral sleep.
84
Endogenpus clock starts at around
4 months
85
Infants have high precentage of
REM sleep (very active sleep)
86
Basal Forebrain
Promotes SWS
87
Brainstem
Promotes wakefulness and alertness
88
Medulla
REM
89
Hypothalamus
(hypcretin) coordinates the other 3 brain regions to determine what state we are in and enforce patterns.
90
Narcolepsy
Loss of hypocretin/orexin neurons
91
Cataplexy
Muscle weakness
92
Sleep paralysis
Cant move or talk before sleep
93
sleep Enuresis
bed-wetting
94
Somnambulism
sleepwalking - stage 3 SWS
95
REM Behavior Disorder
acting out dreams beacuse muscles arent paralyzed.
96
REM Behavior Disorder lesion near
locus coeruleus
97
HM had
severe aterograde
98
HM cant form
new episodic/declartive memories
99
HM had his _____ __________ ______ removed
hippocampus, amygdala, and some temporal lobe areas.
100
Explicit - Declarative Memory
facts and information acquired via learning
101
Implicit - Nondeclarative Memory
Procedural memory shown by performance; show by doing.
102
Cerebellum and
Associative learning
103
The Engram
- a neuronal encoding that provides a physical location for a memory - memory trace Gives memories a physical location
104
MMMedial Temporal lobes
Memory
105
Medial temporal lobes move
short to long term
106
Hippocampus moves short-long via
consolidation
107
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) in
Hippocampus at synapses
108
LTP Ligand
glutamate
109
low level; glutamate releases only to
AMPA
110
Mg blocks
NMDA
111
Large quantities of glutamate released
Depolarization
112
Mg ejected and _____ flows through ____
Na, AMPA
113
Na depolarizes so
Ca flows
114
Urbach-Wiethe Disease
SM cant feel fear
115

Brain and Behavior (3 decks)

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