Test 1 Flashcards
1
Q
neurons
A
nerve cells that form behavior
2
Q
glial cells
A
information processing in nervous system, myelinate axons.
3
Q
neuron structural elements
A
dendrites, cell body, axon
4
Q
neuron functional aspects
A
input, integration, conduction, output
5
Q
Input Zone composed of
A
Dendrites and cell body (soma)
6
Q
Integration zone composed of
A
Axon hillock
7
Q
Conduction Zone composed of
A
Axon, myelin sheath, nodes
of Ranvier
8
Q
Output zone composed of
A
axon terminals
9
Q
Axon terminals make synapses with
A
other neurons.
10
Q
3 types of neurons
A
11
Q
Input zone is when the neuron
A
collect and integrate information from enviornment and other cells.
12
Q
the _______ is most common in CNS
A
multipolar
13
Q
the _______ is most common in retina
A
bipolar
14
Q
the _______ is most common in PNS
A
unipolar
15
Q
Integration zone is when
A
the decision to produce a neural signal is made.
16
Q
Conduction zone is where
A
information is transmitted
17
Q
Output zone is where the neuron
A
transfers information to other cells, continuing the process.
18
Q
In glial cells ________ produce myelin
A
oligodendrocytes
19
Q
Oligodendrocytes are the ____________ cells
A
fat making
20
Q
Myelin
A
fatty, ensures electricty doesnt escape.
21
Q
Myelin in damaged in
A
Multiple sclerosis
22
Q
Glial cells also make ___ and _______ besides oligodendrocytes for defense
A
astrocytes and microglia
23
Q
Astrocytes
A
star cell that brings nutrients from blood and shuttle to neurons
24
Q
The blood brain barrier is formed by
A
Astrocytes
25
Microglia is used
for defense, immune function, detect debris, eats "Sick neurons".
26
dendritic spines add
extra space for synapses.
27
axon collaterals
multiple branches of an axon
28
motor neurons
translates messages to muscles
29
interneurons
in the brain gather info and communicate with other neurons.
30
Schwann Cells
forms myelin in PNS
31
nodes of ranvier are
exposed
32
somatic nervous system
brain connected to muscles and sensory systems
33
autonomic nervous system
internal organs
34
motor nerves
CNS to muscles and glands
35
sensory nerves
body to CNS
36
cranial nerves are connected directly to
the brain
37
olfactory
smell
38
optic
visual
39
vestibularcochlear
hearing and balance
40
ocularmotor
eye
41
troachlear
eye
42
abducens
eye
43
spinal acessory nerves
control neck muscles
44
hypogossal
tounge
45
trigemenial
facial sensation/chewing
46
facial nerves
facial muscles and taste
47
glossopharenyl
taste - throat
48
vagus
heart, liver, intestines, organs - sweating, digestion, heart rate.
49
how many cervical
8
50
how many thoracic
12
51
how many lumbar
5
52
how many sacral
5
53
how many coccygeal
1
54
saggital
left and right
55
coronal
front to back
56
horizontal
upper and lower
57
grey matter
recieves and processes info - cell bodies and dendrites
58
white matter
whitish fatty myelin tissue from axons: transmits info
59
gyri
raised
60
sulci
crevices
61
sylvian fissue
divides temporal lobe
62
central sulcus
divides frontal and parietal
63
corpus callosum
where axons connect the left and right hemisphres
64
Allows the brain to act as a single entity during complex processing
corpus callosum
65
sense of touch mediated by
post central gyrus. (primary somatosensory cortex)
66
Primary motor cortex is also called
precentral gyrus
67
in young embryo the CNS looks like a
tube
68
telecephalon
anterior part of fetal forebrain, where cerebral hemispshres are in adult brain
69
diencephalon
part of fetus forebrain that will become thalamus and hypothalamus.
70
brainstem refers to the
midbrain, pons, and medulla combined
71
the cerebral cortex forms
complex cognitive processing
72
cortical neurons outermost layer has
few cell bodies
73
the pyramidal cell
pyramid shaped cell body in cerebrl cortex layer III or V
74
cortical colums
basic organization of cerebral cortex
75
basal ganglia
caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. skill learning and control of movement.
76
limbic system
emotion and learning
77
amygdala
limbic structure that involves emotional regulation and odor perception
78
hippocampus
spatial cognition, learning, and memory
79
fornix
fiber from hippocampus to mammilary body
80
cingulate gyrus
strip of cortex atop the corpus callosum. cognitive functions like attention
81
olfactory bulb
sense of smell.
82
structures near the base of the brain
hypothalamus; motivated behaviors like sex and agression to regulate hormones
83
thamalus directs
TRAFFIC COP. directs sensory information to and from the cortex areas.
84
hypothalamus controls _____ gland.
pituitary
85
hypothalamus
hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex, hormones,
86
top part of midbrain
tectum
87
tectum holds
inferior and superior colliculi
88
superior colliculi
process visual info
89
inferior colliculi
process sound info
90
tegmentum
contains the substancia nigiria, PAG, fiber tracts, reticular formation
91
Substantia Nigiria
dopaminergic receptors. loss of neurons lead to parkinsons.
92
Loss of dopamine lead to
Parkinsons
93
PAG
pain perception
94
reticular formation
neurons that are important for sleep and arousal
95
Large tracts of nerve fibers run
in, out, and through the midbrain to connect the brain to the spinal cord.
96
the brainstem controls
vital body functions
97
cerebellum
movement, motor coordination, control, and learning
98
pons
motor control and sensory nuclei - cranial nerve orgin.
99
medulla
marks the transition from brain to spinal cord. drive respiration, heart rate, vital. thats why brainstem injuries are life threatning
100
cranial nerves orginate in the
brainstem
101
brain and spinal cord swaddled by
menengies
102
dura mater
tough, outer sheet
103
pia mater
delicate, innermost membrane
104
arachnoid membrane
thin, webby covering in between membranes.
105
subarachnoid space
resivior suspending the brain in CSF.
106
CSF
fluid filling ventricles
107
meningitus
inflamed and infected meningies
108
meningiomas
tumors that form in the meningies
109
cerebral ventricles
filled with CSF
110
ventricular system
fluid filled cavities in the brain
111
each brain hemishpere contains
lateral ventricles
112
lateral ventricles are lined with
choriod plexus
113
Choriod plexus produces _____ by filtering _______
CSF; Blood
114
CSF flows from _____to _________ to _________
lateral ventricles, third ventricle, to fourth ventricle.
115
hydrocephalus
ballooning of ventricles when CSF blocked
116
glymphatic system
removal of wastes, movement of nutrients, and signaling compounds.
117
blood arrives in the brain via
carotid and veterbral arteries
118
cerebral arteries
3 large arteries in skull that
119
blood brain barrier
highly selective, semipermeable barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances while allowing essential nutrients to pass through. It plays a critical role in maintaining the brain’s homeostasis and protecting it from toxins, pathogens, and fluctuations in blood composition.
120
blood brain barrier makes _____ delivery hard
drug
121
dendritic spine is on the ______ side of the membrane
post-synaptic
122
CT scans visualize
brain density; strokes, tumors, shrinkage.
123
MRI
higher resolution images that show myelin loss, brain regions
124
DTI
diffusion of water within axons that visualize axonal fiber tracts
125
fMRI
detects changes in blood flow and show brain activity.
126
PET
brain activity during behavioral tasks.
127
TMS
magnetic currents that stimulate cortex directly.
128
somatic intervention
alter the body to see how it affects behavior.
129
behavioral intervention
control organism behavior and look for changes in body structure and function
130
neurons are more negative on the ______
inside and are polarized.
131
neuron resting potential
-50--80 mv
132
neuron cell membrane allows _____ in freely, but not _________
K+, Na+
133
Neuron cell membrane is
selectively permeable
134
diffusion
high-low concentration, until evenly distributed
135
electrostatic pressure
charged molecules go to areas with opposite charge.
136
sodium potassium pumps ____ Na _____ and _____ K in.
3 Na out, 2 K in.
137
axon emerges from
axon hillock
138
hyperpolarization
neuron interior becomes more negative. (-65mv to -70mv)
139
depolarization
neuron interior becomes more positive (65 mv-50 mv). closer to zero.
140
local potentials
electrical potential initiated by stimulation at a specific site. decrease in strenth with time and distance.
141
threshold
stimulus intensity is adequate and triggers an action potential in an axon.
142
action potential
rapid reversal of membrane potential. makes the inside positive in respect w the outside.
143
all-or-none property
either fires at full amplitude or doesnt.
144
with stronger stimuli..
more APs are produced, but size of AP remains the same.
145
action potential is created by
sudden movement of Na+ into the axon.
146
at its peak, AP reaches
+40
147
Voltage gated NA+ channel
central Na+ selective pore is open
148
when depolarization reaches threshold,
Na+ channels open and allow ions to enter changing polarity
149
_______ creates resting potential
open K+ channels
150
refractory
temporarily unresponsive. (to the second stimulus)
151
absolute refractory phase
no amount of stimulation can induce another AP because Na+ cant respond.
152
the absolute refractory phase is followed by
the relative refractory phase
153
relative refractory phase
reduced sensitivity; only strong stimulation can depolarize the axon.
154
action potentials are propagated along
the axon
155
action potential
spike of depolarizing activity
156
IPSP results from
opening of CI- channels. highly concentrated outside = rush into cell.
157
Spatial summation
simultaneous arrival, large EPSP at axon hillock
158
temporal summation
reach axon at different times
159
curare and bungarotoxin
blocks acetylcholine in muscle
160
Nicotine ______, acetylcholine
mimincs
161
agonist
mimics or boosts action of a neurotransmitter
162
curare is an ______ of acetylcholine
antagonist
163
antagonist
interefere with and prevent the neurotransmitter action.
164
nicotine cholerginic found at
synapses on muscle at autonomic ganglia.
165
ACh is inactivated by
acetylcholinesterase
166
Ionotropic
ligand gated, opens with agonist.
167
GABA opens
chloride
168
endorphins are
neuropeptides
169
nicotine receptor
ligands and ionotropic
170
muscarine receptor
metabotropic
171
atropine is the _____ receptor blocker
chloergenic / muscarpine / metabotropic
172
botox blocks
exocytosis
173
at muscle with botox there is
no contraction becauce acetylcholine isnt released.
174
cocaine blocks
dopamine. buildsup in synapse.
175
Alcohol increases and is a
GABA; depressant
176
Cannabis mimics
Endocannabidoisa
177
LSD
serotonin agonist
178
amino neuropeptides
GABA, glycine, glutamate
178
amine neurotransmitters
acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine
179
cholinergic
cells that use acetylcholine as their receptor
180
cholinergenic neurons found in
basal forebrain nuclei
181
dopameanic projections near
substantia nigra
182
substantia nigra projected to
regions of basal ganglia
183
widespread loss of cholenergenic neurons lead to
Alzheimers
184
widespread loss of dopaminergenic neurons lead to
Parkinsons
185
ventral tegmental area
midbrain area projecting dopaminergenic receptors to nucleus ambucens.
186
neopinephrine has receptors in
brainstem/midbrain : locus coerleus and lateral tegmental area.
187
Neoadrenic axons project throughout
cerebellum, cerebral cortex, limbic system, thalmic nuclei.
188
opiate receptors mimics
morphine
189
cannaboid receptors in
substance nigria
