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Brain and Behavior > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells that form behavior

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2
Q

glial cells

A

information processing in nervous system, myelinate axons.

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3
Q

neuron structural elements

A

dendrites, cell body, axon

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4
Q

neuron functional aspects

A

input, integration, conduction, output

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5
Q

Input Zone composed of

A

Dendrites and cell body (soma)

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6
Q

Integration zone composed of

A

Axon hillock

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7
Q

Conduction Zone composed of

A

Axon, myelin sheath, nodes
of Ranvier

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8
Q

Output zone composed of

A

axon terminals

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9
Q

Axon terminals make synapses with

A

other neurons.

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10
Q

3 types of neurons

A
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11
Q

Input zone is when the neuron

A

collect and integrate information from enviornment and other cells.

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12
Q

the _______ is most common in CNS

A

multipolar

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13
Q

the _______ is most common in retina

A

bipolar

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14
Q

the _______ is most common in PNS

A

unipolar

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15
Q

Integration zone is when

A

the decision to produce a neural signal is made.

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16
Q

Conduction zone is where

A

information is transmitted

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17
Q

Output zone is where the neuron

A

transfers information to other cells, continuing the process.

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18
Q

In glial cells ________ produce myelin

A

oligodendrocytes

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes are the ____________ cells

A

fat making

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20
Q

Myelin

A

fatty, ensures electricty doesnt escape.

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21
Q

Myelin in damaged in

A

Multiple sclerosis

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22
Q

Glial cells also make ___ and _______ besides oligodendrocytes for defense

A

astrocytes and microglia

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23
Q

Astrocytes

A

star cell that brings nutrients from blood and shuttle to neurons

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24
Q

The blood brain barrier is formed by

A

Astrocytes

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25
Q

Microglia is used

A

for defense, immune function, detect debris, eats “Sick neurons”.

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26
Q

dendritic spines add

A

extra space for synapses.

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27
Q

axon collaterals

A

multiple branches of an axon

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28
Q

motor neurons

A

translates messages to muscles

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29
Q

interneurons

A

in the brain gather info and communicate with other neurons.

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30
Q

Schwann Cells

A

forms myelin in PNS

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31
Q

nodes of ranvier are

A

exposed

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32
Q

somatic nervous system

A

brain connected to muscles and sensory systems

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33
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

internal organs

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34
Q

motor nerves

A

CNS to muscles and glands

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35
Q

sensory nerves

A

body to CNS

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36
Q

cranial nerves are connected directly to

A

the brain

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37
Q

olfactory

A

smell

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38
Q

optic

A

visual

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39
Q

vestibularcochlear

A

hearing and balance

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40
Q

ocularmotor

A

eye

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41
Q

troachlear

A

eye

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42
Q

abducens

A

eye

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43
Q

spinal acessory nerves

A

control neck muscles

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44
Q

hypogossal

A

tounge

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45
Q

trigemenial

A

facial sensation/chewing

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46
Q

facial nerves

A

facial muscles and taste

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47
Q

glossopharenyl

A

taste - throat

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48
Q

vagus

A

heart, liver, intestines, organs - sweating, digestion, heart rate.

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49
Q

how many cervical

A

8

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50
Q

how many thoracic

A

12

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51
Q

how many lumbar

A

5

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52
Q

how many sacral

A

5

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53
Q

how many coccygeal

A

1

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54
Q

saggital

A

left and right

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55
Q

coronal

A

front to back

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56
Q

horizontal

A

upper and lower

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57
Q

grey matter

A

recieves and processes info - cell bodies and dendrites

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58
Q

white matter

A

whitish fatty myelin tissue from axons: transmits info

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59
Q

gyri

A

raised

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60
Q

sulci

A

crevices

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61
Q

sylvian fissue

A

divides temporal lobe

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62
Q

central sulcus

A

divides frontal and parietal

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63
Q

corpus callosum

A

where axons connect the left and right hemisphres

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64
Q

Allows the brain to act as a single entity during complex processing

A

corpus callosum

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65
Q

sense of touch mediated by

A

post central gyrus. (primary somatosensory cortex)

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66
Q

Primary motor cortex is also called

A

precentral gyrus

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67
Q

in young embryo the CNS looks like a

A

tube

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68
Q

telecephalon

A

anterior part of fetal forebrain, where cerebral hemispshres are in adult brain

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69
Q

diencephalon

A

part of fetus forebrain that will become thalamus and hypothalamus.

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70
Q

brainstem refers to the

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla combined

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71
Q

the cerebral cortex forms

A

complex cognitive processing

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72
Q

cortical neurons outermost layer has

A

few cell bodies

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73
Q

the pyramidal cell

A

pyramid shaped cell body in cerebrl cortex layer III or V

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74
Q

cortical colums

A

basic organization of cerebral cortex

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75
Q

basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. skill learning and control of movement.

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76
Q

limbic system

A

emotion and learning

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77
Q

amygdala

A

limbic structure that involves emotional regulation and odor perception

78
Q

hippocampus

A

spatial cognition, learning, and memory

79
Q

fornix

A

fiber from hippocampus to mammilary body

80
Q

cingulate gyrus

A

strip of cortex atop the corpus callosum. cognitive functions like attention

81
Q

olfactory bulb

A

sense of smell.

82
Q

structures near the base of the brain

A

hypothalamus; motivated behaviors like sex and agression to regulate hormones

83
Q

thamalus directs

A

TRAFFIC COP. directs sensory information to and from the cortex areas.

84
Q

hypothalamus controls _____ gland.

A

pituitary

85
Q

hypothalamus

A

hunger, thirst, temperature regulation, sex, hormones,

86
Q

top part of midbrain

A

tectum

87
Q

tectum holds

A

inferior and superior colliculi

88
Q

superior colliculi

A

process visual info

89
Q

inferior colliculi

A

process sound info

90
Q

tegmentum

A

contains the substancia nigiria, PAG, fiber tracts, reticular formation

91
Q

Substantia Nigiria

A

dopaminergic receptors. loss of neurons lead to parkinsons.

92
Q

Loss of dopamine lead to

A

Parkinsons

93
Q

PAG

A

pain perception

94
Q

reticular formation

A

neurons that are important for sleep and arousal

95
Q

Large tracts of nerve fibers run

A

in, out, and through the midbrain to connect the brain to the spinal cord.

96
Q

the brainstem controls

A

vital body functions

97
Q

cerebellum

A

movement, motor coordination, control, and learning

98
Q

pons

A

motor control and sensory nuclei - cranial nerve orgin.

99
Q

medulla

A

marks the transition from brain to spinal cord. drive respiration, heart rate, vital. thats why brainstem injuries are life threatning

100
Q

cranial nerves orginate in the

A

brainstem

101
Q

brain and spinal cord swaddled by

A

menengies

102
Q

dura mater

A

tough, outer sheet

103
Q

pia mater

A

delicate, innermost membrane

104
Q

arachnoid membrane

A

thin, webby covering in between membranes.

105
Q

subarachnoid space

A

resivior suspending the brain in CSF.

106
Q

CSF

A

fluid filling ventricles

107
Q

meningitus

A

inflamed and infected meningies

108
Q

meningiomas

A

tumors that form in the meningies

109
Q

cerebral ventricles

A

filled with CSF

110
Q

ventricular system

A

fluid filled cavities in the brain

111
Q

each brain hemishpere contains

A

lateral ventricles

112
Q

lateral ventricles are lined with

A

choriod plexus

113
Q

Choriod plexus produces _____ by filtering _______

A

CSF; Blood

114
Q

CSF flows from _____to _________ to _________

A

lateral ventricles, third ventricle, to fourth ventricle.

115
Q

hydrocephalus

A

ballooning of ventricles when CSF blocked

116
Q

glymphatic system

A

removal of wastes, movement of nutrients, and signaling compounds.

117
Q

blood arrives in the brain via

A

carotid and veterbral arteries

118
Q

cerebral arteries

A

3 large arteries in skull that

119
Q

blood brain barrier

A

highly selective, semipermeable barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances while allowing essential nutrients to pass through. It plays a critical role in maintaining the brain’s homeostasis and protecting it from toxins, pathogens, and fluctuations in blood composition.

120
Q

blood brain barrier makes _____ delivery hard

A

drug

121
Q

dendritic spine is on the ______ side of the membrane

A

post-synaptic

122
Q

CT scans visualize

A

brain density; strokes, tumors, shrinkage.

123
Q

MRI

A

higher resolution images that show myelin loss, brain regions

124
Q

DTI

A

diffusion of water within axons that visualize axonal fiber tracts

125
Q

fMRI

A

detects changes in blood flow and show brain activity.

126
Q

PET

A

brain activity during behavioral tasks.

127
Q

TMS

A

magnetic currents that stimulate cortex directly.

128
Q

somatic intervention

A

alter the body to see how it affects behavior.

129
Q

behavioral intervention

A

control organism behavior and look for changes in body structure and function

130
Q

neurons are more negative on the ______

A

inside and are polarized.

131
Q

neuron resting potential

A

-50–80 mv

132
Q

neuron cell membrane allows _____ in freely, but not _________

A

K+, Na+

133
Q

Neuron cell membrane is

A

selectively permeable

134
Q

diffusion

A

high-low concentration, until evenly distributed

135
Q

electrostatic pressure

A

charged molecules go to areas with opposite charge.

136
Q

sodium potassium pumps ____ Na _____ and _____ K in.

A

3 Na out, 2 K in.

137
Q

axon emerges from

A

axon hillock

138
Q

hyperpolarization

A

neuron interior becomes more negative. (-65mv to -70mv)

139
Q

depolarization

A

neuron interior becomes more positive (65 mv-50 mv). closer to zero.

140
Q

local potentials

A

electrical potential initiated by stimulation at a specific site. decrease in strenth with time and distance.

141
Q

threshold

A

stimulus intensity is adequate and triggers an action potential in an axon.

142
Q

action potential

A

rapid reversal of membrane potential. makes the inside positive in respect w the outside.

143
Q

all-or-none property

A

either fires at full amplitude or doesnt.

144
Q

with stronger stimuli..

A

more APs are produced, but size of AP remains the same.

145
Q

action potential is created by

A

sudden movement of Na+ into the axon.

146
Q

at its peak, AP reaches

A

+40

147
Q

Voltage gated NA+ channel

A

central Na+ selective pore is open

148
Q

when depolarization reaches threshold,

A

Na+ channels open and allow ions to enter changing polarity

149
Q

_______ creates resting potential

A

open K+ channels

150
Q

refractory

A

temporarily unresponsive. (to the second stimulus)

151
Q

absolute refractory phase

A

no amount of stimulation can induce another AP because Na+ cant respond.

152
Q

the absolute refractory phase is followed by

A

the relative refractory phase

153
Q

relative refractory phase

A

reduced sensitivity; only strong stimulation can depolarize the axon.

154
Q

action potentials are propagated along

A

the axon

155
Q

action potential

A

spike of depolarizing activity

156
Q

IPSP results from

A

opening of CI- channels. highly concentrated outside = rush into cell.

157
Q

Spatial summation

A

simultaneous arrival, large EPSP at axon hillock

158
Q

temporal summation

A

reach axon at different times

159
Q

curare and bungarotoxin

A

blocks acetylcholine in muscle

160
Q

Nicotine ______, acetylcholine

A

mimincs

161
Q

agonist

A

mimics or boosts action of a neurotransmitter

162
Q

curare is an ______ of acetylcholine

A

antagonist

163
Q

antagonist

A

interefere with and prevent the neurotransmitter action.

164
Q

nicotine cholerginic found at

A

synapses on muscle at autonomic ganglia.

165
Q

ACh is inactivated by

A

acetylcholinesterase

166
Q

Ionotropic

A

ligand gated, opens with agonist.

167
Q

GABA opens

A

chloride

168
Q

endorphins are

A

neuropeptides

169
Q

nicotine receptor

A

ligands and ionotropic

170
Q

muscarine receptor

A

metabotropic

171
Q

atropine is the _____ receptor blocker

A

chloergenic / muscarpine / metabotropic

172
Q

botox blocks

A

exocytosis

173
Q

at muscle with botox there is

A

no contraction becauce acetylcholine isnt released.

174
Q

cocaine blocks

A

dopamine. buildsup in synapse.

175
Q

Alcohol increases and is a

A

GABA; depressant

176
Q

Cannabis mimics

A

Endocannabidoisa

177
Q

LSD

A

serotonin agonist

178
Q

amino neuropeptides

A

GABA, glycine, glutamate

178
Q

amine neurotransmitters

A

acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine

179
Q

cholinergic

A

cells that use acetylcholine as their receptor

180
Q

cholinergenic neurons found in

A

basal forebrain nuclei

181
Q

dopameanic projections near

A

substantia nigra

182
Q

substantia nigra projected to

A

regions of basal ganglia

183
Q

widespread loss of cholenergenic neurons lead to

A

Alzheimers

184
Q

widespread loss of dopaminergenic neurons lead to

A

Parkinsons

185
Q

ventral tegmental area

A

midbrain area projecting dopaminergenic receptors to nucleus ambucens.

186
Q

neopinephrine has receptors in

A

brainstem/midbrain : locus coerleus and lateral tegmental area.

187
Q

Neoadrenic axons project throughout

A

cerebellum, cerebral cortex, limbic system, thalmic nuclei.

188
Q

opiate receptors mimics

A

morphine

189
Q

cannaboid receptors in

A

substance nigria

Brain and Behavior (3 decks)

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