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CLST 102 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is coined as the road to democracy?

A

The reforms of Solon

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2
Q

What was the social crisis before Solon?

A

Contrast between elite and the rest of the population

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3
Q

What was Solon’s constitution based on?

A

Wealth in the form of land ownership

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4
Q

How many classes were citizens divided into?

A

4

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5
Q

What did Solon want to avoid?

A

Concentration of land in the hands of few

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6
Q

What are the 3 distinctions of Solon’s reforms?

A

1) state is run by all citizens
2) status of citizen is not compatible with the loss of freedom
3) the law guides the actions of the state

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7
Q

Who was the key tyrant before democracy?

A

Peisistratos

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8
Q

What marked the end of the tyrants’ rule?

A

When Peisistratos passed the power to his sons Hippias and Hipparkhos
- Hippias was exiled
- Hipparkhos was murdered by two citizens

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9
Q

What were the reforms of Kleisthenes?

A
  • citizenry organized into 10 new tribes (phylai)
  • Boule of the 500 established
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10
Q

What is isonomia?

A

Equal right of all citizens to exercise their political rights

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11
Q

What is isegoria?

A

Equal right to speak

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12
Q

What is demokratia?

A

Power of the people without limitations

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13
Q

What are the 3 founding principles of Athenian democracy?

A

Isonomia, isegoria, demokratia

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14
Q

What were the two perceptions of democracy in Athenian society?

A
  • power of the demos with no limitation
  • rule of the poor (‘mob rule’ perception used mainly by critics)
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15
Q

What was the persian debate between?

A

Democracy vs. Oligarchy vs. Monarchy

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16
Q

Difference between Athenian democracy and modern democracy?

A

Direct participation of all citizens in important decisions

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17
Q

Characteristics of the Boule?

A
  • 500 councillors chosen by lot
  • At least 30 years old
  • 50 from each of the 10 tribes
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18
Q

Responsibilities of the Boule?

A
  • Prepared the agenda for assembly and drafted preliminary proposals
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19
Q

What was the role of the prutaneis?

A
  • 50 councillors of each tribe
  • standing committee for one tenth of the year
  • lived in the Tholos
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20
Q

What was the role of the epistates?

A
  • Chairman of the prutaneis
  • Presided over the meetings of the assembly
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21
Q

What was the role of the proedroi?

A
  • Committee of 10
  • One committee for each tribe
  • Presided over the meetings of the council and the assembly
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22
Q

What building of the agora were council meetings held?

A
  • the Bouleuterion
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23
Q

What was the ekklesia?

A
  • assembly for all Athenian adult males 18+
  • only the ekklesia had decisional power
  • agenda prepared by the boule for ekklesia meetings
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24
Q

What did the ekklesia discuss and vote on?

A

Psefismata - decrees, decisions of policy
Nomoi - general laws

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25
Q

What were the nomothetai?

A

Lawmakers
- body selected by lot
- had final decision on proposals discussed in ekklesia

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26
Q

What was the hill where the assembly met?

A

Pnyx hill

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27
Q

How many people were required for votes on especially important matters?

A

A quorum of 6000

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28
Q

How often were meetings?

A

Four meetings in each of the 10 months

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29
Q

What tool was used to herd people to the Pnyx for meetings?

A

Rope died red

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30
Q

How did they encourage poor participation?

A

Small daily salary for the loss of a days’ work

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31
Q

How was vote collected?

A

Show of hands

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32
Q

What two terms were used for those who could persuade the assembly?

A
  • Prostates: champion of the people
  • Demagogos: leader of the people
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33
Q

Who were the democratic officials of Solon’s constitution? How many were there?

A

The arkhontes (archons)
-9

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34
Q

What was a general called? How many from each tribe?

A

Strategos
- 1 from each tribe

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35
Q

What were the treasurers of the Delian League called?

A

Hellenotamiai

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36
Q

Who were the two magistrates that got elected?

A

Hellenotamiai and strategoi

37
Q

What were the two ways the people got involved with the magistrates?

A

Dokimasia and euthunai

38
Q

What was dokimasia?

A

Preliminary scrutiny/screening

39
Q

What was euthunai?

A

audit, review at the end of the term

40
Q

Who was responsible for order and punisment?

A

The Eleven
- conducted a police force of 300 Scythian archers

41
Q

What were the heralds called and what was their responsibility?

A

Kerux/kerukes
- Communicating the official decisions of the state

42
Q

What were the presbeutes?

A

Prominent citizens with good connections abroad

43
Q

What was the main objective of greek warfare until the Persian Wars?

A

To assert dominance

44
Q

What was the oldest council of the city?

A

The Areopagus Council

45
Q

What did the reforms of Ephialtes do to the areopagus council?

A

Reduced to a law court for the most serious crimes
- deliberate homicide of an athenian citizen considered the most serious

46
Q

What does Athenian law begin with?

A

The law of Drakon on homicide
- Penalty for involuntary homicide is exile, unless otherwise stated by victims’ family
- Laws in place to forbid revenge of the family

47
Q

What were the jury courts called?

A

Dikasteria
jurors called dikastai

48
Q

What is dike?

A

Lawsuit, can be brought only by victims or their legal representatives

49
Q

What is graphe?

A

Public suit, that can be brought by any adult male citizen

50
Q

What is graphe paranomon?

A

Public indictment against those who made illegal proposals in assembly

51
Q

What was the identity ticket for the juror called?

A

Pinakion

52
Q

What was the allotment machine called?

A

Kleroterion

53
Q

What was the order of proceedings in court?

A

First round of speeches: prosecutor, then the defendant
- responsibility of litigants to present evidence, witnesses, and cite laws

54
Q

How did receiving the verdict work?

A

Jurors casted their vote without discussion, simple majority was sufficient

55
Q

What were the two categories of penalty?

A

Penalties affecting the person (death, physical punishment, removing of rights) or penalties affecting the property

56
Q

What was Sokrates’ pre-determined penalty?

A

Death and he was detained in the state prison until his trial
- he was allowed to commit suicide rather than being executed in public

57
Q

What was the technique for execution?

A

Usually the plank, a slow death

58
Q

What was a problem with the Athenian justice system?

A

Sukophantai (vexatious litigants) that brought malevolent charged for personal gain

59
Q

What is atimia?

A
  • Dishonour
  • Deprivation of ‘time’
  • resulted in the loss of political rights ‘civic death’
60
Q

Two factors in the public athenian economy?

A

Income and expenses

61
Q

What was the financial obligation of a wealthy Athenian?

A

Leitourgia (liturgy)
Two kinds: trierarchy and festival liturgies

62
Q

What was the khoregia?

A

Production of a chorus for tragedies, comedies, and dithyrambs

63
Q

To avoid liturgy, an Athenian could…?

A

Exchange of properties

64
Q

What was eisphora?

A

Property tax

65
Q

What were the sitophulakes and why did they exist?

A

Grain inspectors
- Athens was particularly dependent on imported grain starting from the mid-fifth century

66
Q

What is phoros?

A

Cash tribute from allies in the Delian League

67
Q

What island revolted and what were they met with?

A

Euboea
- modified judicial system
- swore an oath not to rebel again

68
Q

What caused the end of the Delian League?

A

Spartan victory

69
Q

What is ta sphagia?

A

Blood-sacrifice - performed when armies were in sight of each other and interaction was imminent
- a tool to intimidate the opponent

70
Q

What is hoplitai?

A

Hoplites that used a larger round shield with a double handle

71
Q

What is a linothorax?

A

Layers of linen cloth glued together

72
Q

What was the primary weapon?

A

The spear

73
Q

What were the secondary weapons?

A

The cut and thrust sword

74
Q

What is the single-edged sword called?

A

Kopis

75
Q

What order did the hoplites fight in?

A

Close order formation (the phalanx)

76
Q

What is the othismos?

A

The “shove”
- considered the decisive action of the battle

77
Q

What were psiloi?

A

Light-armed soldiers

78
Q

What were peltasts?

A

Soldiers

79
Q

Who could afford fighting on horseback?

A

Only the richest citizens
- Macedonians and Alexander the Great as an example

80
Q

What were the traditional hoplite tactics?

A
  • elite troops and commander on the right wing to counter the natural tendency to shift right
  • each soldier was close to shield of the other on the right in order to protect the exposed right flank
81
Q

When did athenians receive standardized military training?

A

During service as Epheboi (ephebes)

82
Q

What historian was also a mercenary soldier?

A

Xenophon

83
Q

how many levels on a trireme?

A

Three

84
Q

What were the limits of the trireme?

A
  • performed poorly in bad weather conditions
  • crew had to disembark for food and water, exposed to attack from land and sea
  • expensive
85
Q

Preferred tactic of naval warfare?

A

Ramming
- ships formed lines with the bow pointed at the enemy

86
Q

Who made up the naval army?

A

Mostly lower class
- thetes
- foreigners
- 10 hoplites
- 4 archers

87
Q

How many officers and assistants?

A

16

88
Q

What were the summoriai?

A

Group of citizens who shared the financial burden of tax
- Up to 16 people

CLST 102 (6 decks)

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