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test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

organs whose primary
function is to release
hormones

A

glands

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2
Q

how are hormones similar to neurotransmitters?

A
  • they interact with receptors
    which, in turn, cause a series
    of events to occur within the
    target cell
  • some are packaged into vesicles
    and are released by neurons as a
    result of action potentials
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3
Q

how are hormones different from neurotransmitters?

A
  • released into the circulatory system (as opposed to synapse)
  • meant to travel very long distances i.e. in the blood stream
  • hormones are in the circulation for a much longer time period and have a slower onset of action and slower offset of function
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4
Q

what gland is referred to as the master gland?

A

pituitary gland

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5
Q

what kind of hormones does the pituitary gland release?

A

tropic hormones

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6
Q

what are tropic hormones?

A

hormones that work on other endocrine glands

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7
Q

what are the two glands that make up the pituitary gland?

A

anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary

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8
Q

what’s the “master” of the master gland

A

hypothalamus

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9
Q

which parts of the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary gland?

A

paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus

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10
Q

what hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus?

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

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11
Q

in the posterior pituitary axon terminals
containing hormones release them where?

A

directly into the blood stream

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12
Q

how do oxytocin and vasopressin travel from the hypothalamus into the posterior pituitary

A

axonal transport down the pituitary stalk

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13
Q

what are oxytocin and vasopressin released into general circulation by?

A

terminal buttons in the posterior pituitary

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14
Q

what is oxytocin involved in?

A

muscle contractions and social behaviors

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15
Q

what muscle contractions is oxytocin involved in?

A
  • uterine contractions
  • milk ejection
  • sexual intercourse (orgasm)
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16
Q

what social behaviors is oxytocin involved in

A
  • maternal behavior
  • pair-bonding
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17
Q

what are hormones released by the anterior pituitary gland involved in?

A
  • organizational (developmental) and activational aspects of sexual behavior
  • stress response
  • growth
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18
Q

how does the path of the hormones from the hypothalamus to the gland differ between the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A

posterior - travels to the gland and hormones are released in the gland into the bloodstream

anterior - hypothalamus releases hormones that then travel to the gland and cause the anterior pituitary to release other hormones that go into the bloodstream

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19
Q

difference between hormones released by the hypothalamus into the posterior vs anterior pituitary

A

posterior - “ready to go” hormones

anterior - hormone releasing hormones

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20
Q

other name for “hormone releasing hormones”

A

releasing factors

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21
Q

what behavior does the hypothalamus appear to be critical for and how do we know

A

aggressive behavior, proven by “sham rage”

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22
Q

what behavior does the hypothalamus appear to be critical for and how do we know that?

A

aggressive behavior, proven by “sham rage”

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23
Q

what’s an affective attack? (cat)

A

electrical stimulation of specific regions of the hypothalamus lead to the cat expressing anger at nothing

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24
Q

two ways in which the
hypothalamus activates the
adrenal gland

A

neural and hormonal

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25
Q

two portions of the adrenal glands

A

cortex and medulla

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26
Q

what does the cortex of the adrenal glands secrete?

A

cortisol, androgens (testosterone) and estrogens (estrogen)

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27
Q

what does the medulla of the adrenal glands secrete?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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28
Q

what’s the neural stress response?

A

activates sympathetic nervous system (via a chain of neurons that ends in the adrenal medulla) releasing epinephrine and norepinephrine

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29
Q

what’s the hormonal stress response? (step by step process)

A

hypothalamus releases CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone)

CRH stimulates release of ACTH (adrenocorticotropin hormone) into anterior pituitary gland

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol

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30
Q

neuroendocrine function is the interaction between:

A

neurons, glands, hormones and their receptors on organs including the brain

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31
Q

organs whose primary function is to release hormones

A

glands

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32
Q

effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

increased heart rate and blood pressure

immediate response

33
Q

effects of cortisol

A

increases blood sugar level

delayed response

body uses resources for the immediate response to threat and cortisol helps liberate energy to return the body back to homeostasis

34
Q

short vs long term effects of stress

A

short term - adaptive (good)

long term - bad

35
Q

cortisol’s effects on testosterone

A

high cortisol -> low testosterone

36
Q

what are the gonadal hormones

A

androgen (testosterone), estrogen, and progesterone

37
Q

chronic stress effects on health

A

ovaries - decreased levels of gonadal hormones

testis - testicular atrophy, decreased levels of hormones of the gonadal axis

immune system - basal immunosuppression and decreased immune responsiveness

adrenal gland - elevated basal levels of glucocorticoids (cortisol), sluggish response to and recovery from stress

38
Q

which pituitary gland is relevant to sexual behavior

A

anterior pituitary gland

39
Q

hypothalamus as relevant to sexual behavior (step by step process)

A

hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GRH)

GRH causes the anterior pituitary to release gonadotropins

gonadotropins act on the gonads (ovaries, testes)

the gonads release androgens (e.g. testosterone) and estrogens (e.g. estradiol)

40
Q

hormones released by gonads in male vs female

A

both male and female gonads release these hormones but:

males: androgens > estrogens
females: estrogens > androgens

41
Q

pattern of hormone release male vs female

A

male - “steady” release of gonadotropin stimulating hormone

female - cyclical pattern (menstrual cycle)

42
Q

how are the primordial gonads different at conception?

A

they’re not, they start out the same

43
Q

what’s the default sex

A

female

44
Q

how does the default female turn into male?

A

Y chromosome causes the production of SRY (sex determining region Y) protein which causes the medulla of the primordial gonad to develop into a testes

testes begin to secrete the hormone testosterone and mullerian-inhibiting substance

45
Q

starting reproductive ducts male vs female

A

the same, everybody starts out with both sets

46
Q

wolffian system

A

can develop into male ducts (seminal vesicles and vascular deferens)

47
Q

mullerian system

A

can develop into female ducts (uterus and fallopian tubes)

48
Q

presence vs lack of mullerian-inhibiting substance and testosterone

A

presence - testosterone causes the wolffian system to develop and mullerian-inhibiting substance causes the mullerian system to degenerate

absence - mullerian system develops into female reproductive ducts and the wolffian system fails to develop

49
Q

what is the role of the ovaries during development?

A

they don’t have one, they’re inactive during development

50
Q

how is the hypothalamus “masculinized”?

A

by the hormone estradiol

51
Q

what hormone can testosterone be converted into?

A

estradiol

52
Q

ovaries in terms of estradiol during development

A

ovaries (basically) don’t secrete estradiol during development

53
Q

how come the estradiol from the mother does not masculinize every brain?

A

alpha-fetoprotein binds to estradiol and prevents it from reaching the brain because it cannot the blood-brain barrier

54
Q

alpha fetoprotein on estradiol vs testosterone

A

it binds to estradiol but not testosterone

so testosterone can make it’s way to the brain and then be converted into estradiol

55
Q

area of the brain in males that facilitates sexual behavior

A

medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus (mPOA)

56
Q

organizational vs activational effects of hormones

A

organizational - how the different sexes are “created”

activational - how the sexes “sex” (sexual behavior)

57
Q

hormones’ effect on female sexual behavior (rats)

A

female rats without gonadal hormones are not receptive to males at any time

58
Q

area of the brain in females that facilitates sexual behavior

A

ventromedial nucleus

59
Q

area of the hypothalamus related to feeding behavior

A

arcuate nucleus

60
Q

neurons that stimulate feeding behavior

A

Agrp/Npy

61
Q

neurons that suppress feeding behavior

A

Pomc

62
Q

excites Agrp/Npy neurons

A

ghrelin

63
Q

excites Pomc neurons

A

leptin

64
Q

what was wrong with the obese mouse?

A

failure to make and release leptin

65
Q

what was wrong with the diabetic mouse?

A

failure to express leptin (receptors)

66
Q

what’s an EEG

A

averages the activity of hundreds to thousands of individual neurons

67
Q

what’s an EEG

A

averages the activity of hundreds to thousands of individual neurons

68
Q

what’s an EOG

A

recordings of eye movement

69
Q

what’s a EMG

A

recordings of muscle tension

70
Q

what are the 2 major classes of sleep?

A

slow wave and rem sleep

71
Q

characteristics of stage 1 sleep

A

presence of alpha rhythm (8-12 Hz)

72
Q

characteristics of stage 2 sleep

A

presence of sleep spindles and K complex

73
Q

characteristics of stage 3 sleep

A

presence of delta rhythm (1 Hz)

74
Q

characteristics of stage 4 sleep

A

majority in delta rhythm (1 Hz)

75
Q

why is REM sleep also called paradoxical sleep?

A

EEG pattern during REM is identical to that of an awake state

76
Q

how are we able to tell if a person is in REM sleep if their EEG looks like they’re awake?

A

complete loss of muscle tone (EMG) and rapid eye movement (EOG)

77
Q

lack of what causes narcolepsy?

A

hypocretin

78
Q

what area of the hypothalamus releases hypocretin

A

lateral hypothalamus

79
Q

what does activating hypocretin during sleep do?

A

promote transition to wakefulness

psych 262 (2 decks)

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