test 2

Question 1

nocioception

Answer 1

pain, pressure, itch

Question 2

proprioception

Answer 2

body awareness and head movement

Question 2

hapsis

Answer 2

fine touch and pressure

Question 3

what is speed determined by?

Answer 3

myelin and diameter

Question 4

fashion in which information enters the spinal cord

Answer 4

orderly

Question 5

what’s a dermatome

Answer 5

area of skin that sends information to a single dorsal-root ganglion

Question 6

how does information enter the spinal cord?

Answer 6

via the dorsal-root ganglion

Question 7

in what fashion does sensory information enter the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

Answer 7

contralateral-ly

Question 8

where is sensory information processed (mainly)

Answer 8

in the primary somatosensory cortex

Question 9

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located

Answer 9

in the parietal lobe just posterior to the central sulcus

Question 10

what information does the right vs left primary somatosensory cortex process

Answer 10

right cortex - right side of the body
left cortex - left side of the body

Question 11

what is the receptive field of a neuron

Answer 11

a region of physical space where it is possible for a physical stimulus to alter the firing rate of the neuron being measured

Question 12

how is a dermatome different from a receptive field

Answer 12

receptive fields are large and can overlap

Question 13

what does touching the center of the receptive field cause?

Answer 13

increase in firing rate

Question 14

what does touching the surrounging of the receptive field cause?

Answer 14

decrease in firing rate

Question 15

what is plasticity?

Answer 15

the ability of brain structures to change to better cope with the environment

Question 16

where is the primary motor cortex located

Answer 16

frontal lobe just anterior to the central sulcus

Question 17

what does crossing the midline mean in the context of this course?

Answer 17

hemispheres controlling the other side of the body (both sensory and motor)

Question 18

what directly controls the muscles?

Answer 18

spinal motor neurons (not the motor cortex directly)

Question 19

what’s a motor unit?

Answer 19

a single spinal motor neuron and all of the individual muscle fibers it contacts

Question 20

neurotransmitter used by neurons to “talk to” muscles

Answer 20

acetylcholine

Question 21

receptor systems that monitor the status of a muscle

Answer 21

muscle spindle neurons

Question 22

what/why is the stretch reflex (knee hitting thingy)

Answer 22

when a muscle gets stretched it increases the firing rate of the neurons and the body makes an immediate effort to work against that stretch

Question 23

top-down control of reflexes

Answer 23

we subconsciously inhibit some reflexes (like the babinski reflex). loss of this control indicates damage

Question 24

amplitude in light waves

Answer 24

brightness

Question 25

wavelength of light waves

Answer 25

color

Question 26

sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system on the pupil

Answer 26

sympathetic - pupil dilation parasympathetic - pupil constriction (via acetylcholine) extra: atropine prevents pupil constriction

Question 27

sensitivity (pupil)

Answer 27

larger pupil, more light let in, good for dimly lit environments

Question 28

acuity (pupil)

Answer 28

smaller pupil, sharper image, good for seeing detail

Question 29

what is binocular disparity

Answer 29

images on each retina being offset, allows us to see depth

Question 30

what is the sense organ for vision?

Answer 30

the retina

Question 31

what are the receptors for light (vision)

Answer 31

rods and cones

Question 32

how is the "issue" of light being filtered and distorted through the layers of neurons

Answer 32

the fovea where the retinal ganglion layer is basically nonexistent

Question 33

axons must pass through the retina at some point

Answer 33

that creates the blind spot, a solution for the missing spot is called "completion"

Question 34

cones vs rods light perception

Answer 34

cones - color rods - light

Question 35

cones vs rods sensitivity and why

Answer 35

cones are more accurate but less sensitive and rods are the opposite because of the amount of them that respond to a single ganglion cell

Question 36

what do rods do in response to light? (axons)

Answer 36

rods don't fire in response to light, they actually stop firing. that in turn tho causes the ganglion cells to fire

Question 37

how does the information leave the eye

Answer 37

axons from the retinal ganglion cells exit the eye through the optic nerve

Question 38

visual fields

Answer 38

both eyes see both visual fields but the information from the left visual field goes to the right primary visual cortex and vice versa

Question 39

how are visual fields split

Answer 39

the retinas are split into the visual fields at the retina. they are split into the nasal and temporal hemiretina

Question 40

how do the visual fields get to the right cortexes

Answer 40

the axons from each nasal hemiretinal cross the midline

Question 41

what are the physical stimulus for vision and audition

Answer 41

vision - light waves audition - sound vibrations

Question 42

amplitude in sound

Answer 42

loudness

Question 43

frequency in sound

Answer 43

pitch

Question 44

how do the vibrations travel through the ear

Answer 44

tympanic membrane (eardrum) --> ossicles (the three little bones) --> oval window --> cochlea --> organ of corti --> hair cells

Question 45

sense organ for audition

Answer 45

organ of corti

Question 46

sound receptors

Answer 46

hair cells

Question 47

how do hair cells bla bla yk what i mean

Answer 47

they are moved physically which mechanically causes ion channels to open. depolarization of the hair cells causes neurotransmitters to be released which causes a chain reaction

Question 48

different areas of the organ of corti respond to different frequencies

Answer 48

tonotopic map, similar frequencies next to each other

Question 49

where is the primary auditory cortex

Answer 49

in the temporal lobe

Question 50

what's the organization in the primary auditory cortex

Answer 50

columnar organization that corresponds to the tonotopic map

Question 51

anterior vs posterior auditory pathway

Answer 51

anterior - what posterior - where

Question 52

how do we locate sound

Answer 52

inter-aural timing differences

Question 53

what's the vestibular sense

Answer 53

sense of balance (and head movement). a kind of proprioception

Question 54

what's the sense organ of the vestibular system

Answer 54

semicircular canals

Question 55

what's the receptor for the vestibular sense

Answer 55

hair cells

Question 56

how is the vestibular information processed

Answer 56

travels along the cranial nerve, is processed by the brainstem and the cerebellum. works in close collaboration with other systems, especially the visual system

Question 57

what's an example of the vestibular and visual systems working together

Answer 57

the vestibular-ocular reflex. you can move your head and the image remains stable

Question 58

what are some similarities between the systems

Answer 58

contralateral projections (everything is swapped left to right and right to left). orderly representation. top down control. thalamus

Question 59

which parts of the thalamus are the different senses processed in

Answer 59

vision - lateral geniculate nucleus audition - medial geniculate nucleus somatosensation - ventral posterior nucleus

Question 60

orderly representation of the visual stimulus

Answer 60

retinotopic map, neurons for light next to each other are next to each other

Question 61

disproportionate representation

Answer 61

visual - at the fovea sensory and motor - face and hands

Question 62

visual receptive field

Answer 62

an area of visual space where it is possible for light to change the firing rate of a neuron

Question 63

light in the center vs off center vs both

Answer 63

center - increased firing rate off center - decreased firing rate both - basically unchanged firing rate

Question 64

ventral vs dorsal streams (for vision)

Answer 64

ventral - what dorsal - where