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psych 262 > test 2 > Flashcards

test 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

nocioception

A

pain, pressure, itch

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2
Q

proprioception

A

body awareness and head movement

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2
Q

hapsis

A

fine touch and pressure

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3
Q

what is speed determined by?

A

myelin and diameter

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4
Q

fashion in which information enters the spinal cord

A

orderly

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5
Q

what’s a dermatome

A

area of skin that sends information to a single dorsal-root ganglion

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6
Q

how does information enter the spinal cord?

A

via the dorsal-root ganglion

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7
Q

in what fashion does sensory information enter the ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus

A

contralateral-ly

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8
Q

where is sensory information processed (mainly)

A

in the primary somatosensory cortex

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9
Q

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located

A

in the parietal lobe just posterior to the central sulcus

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10
Q

what information does the right vs left primary somatosensory cortex process

A

right cortex - right side of the body
left cortex - left side of the body

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11
Q

what is the receptive field of a neuron

A

a region of physical space where it is possible for a physical stimulus to alter the firing rate of the neuron being measured

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12
Q

how is a dermatome different from a receptive field

A

receptive fields are large and can overlap

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13
Q

what does touching the center of the receptive field cause?

A

increase in firing rate

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14
Q

what does touching the surrounging of the receptive field cause?

A

decrease in firing rate

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15
Q

what is plasticity?

A

the ability of brain structures to change to better cope with the environment

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16
Q

where is the primary motor cortex located

A

frontal lobe just anterior to the central sulcus

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17
Q

what does crossing the midline mean in the context of this course?

A

hemispheres controlling the other side of the body (both sensory and motor)

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18
Q

what directly controls the muscles?

A

spinal motor neurons (not the motor cortex directly)

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19
Q

what’s a motor unit?

A

a single spinal motor neuron and all of the individual muscle fibers it contacts

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20
Q

neurotransmitter used by neurons to “talk to” muscles

A

acetylcholine

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21
Q

receptor systems that monitor the status of a muscle

A

muscle spindle neurons

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22
Q

what/why is the stretch reflex (knee hitting thingy)

A

when a muscle gets stretched it increases the firing rate of the neurons and the body makes an immediate effort to work against that stretch

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23
Q

top-down control of reflexes

A

we subconsciously inhibit some reflexes (like the babinski reflex). loss of this control indicates damage

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24
Q

amplitude in light waves

A

brightness

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25
Q

wavelength of light waves

A

color

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26
Q

sympathetic vs parasympathetic nervous system on the pupil

A

sympathetic - pupil dilation
parasympathetic - pupil constriction (via acetylcholine)

extra: atropine prevents pupil constriction

27
Q

sensitivity (pupil)

A

larger pupil, more light let in, good for dimly lit environments

28
Q

acuity (pupil)

A

smaller pupil, sharper image, good for seeing detail

29
Q

what is binocular disparity

A

images on each retina being offset, allows us to see depth

30
Q

what is the sense organ for vision?

A

the retina

31
Q

what are the receptors for light (vision)

A

rods and cones

32
Q

how is the “issue” of light being filtered and distorted through the layers of neurons

A

the fovea where the retinal ganglion layer is basically nonexistent

33
Q

axons must pass through the retina at some point

A

that creates the blind spot, a solution for the missing spot is called “completion”

34
Q

cones vs rods light perception

A

cones - color
rods - light

35
Q

cones vs rods sensitivity and why

A

cones are more accurate but less sensitive and rods are the opposite because of the amount of them that respond to a single ganglion cell

36
Q

what do rods do in response to light? (axons)

A

rods don’t fire in response to light, they actually stop firing. that in turn tho causes the ganglion cells to fire

37
Q

how does the information leave the eye

A

axons from the retinal ganglion cells exit the eye through the optic nerve

38
Q

visual fields

A

both eyes see both visual fields but the information from the left visual field goes to the right primary visual cortex and vice versa

39
Q

how are visual fields split

A

the retinas are split into the visual fields at the retina. they are split into the nasal and temporal hemiretina

40
Q

how do the visual fields get to the right cortexes

A

the axons from each nasal hemiretinal cross the midline

41
Q

what are the physical stimulus for vision and audition

A

vision - light waves
audition - sound vibrations

42
Q

amplitude in sound

A

loudness

43
Q

frequency in sound

A

pitch

44
Q

how do the vibrations travel through the ear

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum) –> ossicles (the three little bones) –> oval window –> cochlea –> organ of corti –> hair cells

45
Q

sense organ for audition

A

organ of corti

46
Q

sound receptors

A

hair cells

47
Q

how do hair cells bla bla yk what i mean

A

they are moved physically which mechanically causes ion channels to open. depolarization of the hair cells causes neurotransmitters to be released which causes a chain reaction

48
Q

different areas of the organ of corti respond to different frequencies

A

tonotopic map, similar frequencies next to each other

49
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex

A

in the temporal lobe

50
Q

what’s the organization in the primary auditory cortex

A

columnar organization that corresponds to the tonotopic map

51
Q

anterior vs posterior auditory pathway

A

anterior - what
posterior - where

52
Q

how do we locate sound

A

inter-aural timing differences

53
Q

what’s the vestibular sense

A

sense of balance (and head movement). a kind of proprioception

54
Q

what’s the sense organ of the vestibular system

A

semicircular canals

55
Q

what’s the receptor for the vestibular sense

A

hair cells

56
Q

how is the vestibular information processed

A

travels along the cranial nerve, is processed by the brainstem and the cerebellum. works in close collaboration with other systems, especially the visual system

57
Q

what’s an example of the vestibular and visual systems working together

A

the vestibular-ocular reflex. you can move your head and the image remains stable

58
Q

what are some similarities between the systems

A

contralateral projections (everything is swapped left to right and right to left). orderly representation. top down control. thalamus

59
Q

which parts of the thalamus are the different senses processed in

A

vision - lateral geniculate nucleus
audition - medial geniculate nucleus
somatosensation - ventral posterior nucleus

60
Q

orderly representation of the visual stimulus

A

retinotopic map, neurons for light next to each other are next to each other

61
Q

disproportionate representation

A

visual - at the fovea
sensory and motor - face and hands

62
Q

visual receptive field

A

an area of visual space where it is possible for light to change the firing rate of a neuron

63
Q

light in the center vs off center vs both

A

center - increased firing rate
off center - decreased firing rate
both - basically unchanged firing rate

64
Q

ventral vs dorsal streams (for vision)

A

ventral - what
dorsal - where

psych 262 (2 decks)

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