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Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why are fats better than polysaccharides

A

fatty acids carry more energy per carbon because they are more reduced.
Fatty acids carry less water because they are nonpolar.
Fats Provide Efficient Fuel Storage

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2
Q

_,_are for short-term energy needs and quick
delivery

A

Glucose and glycogen

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3
Q

are for long-term (months) energy needs, good storage, and
slow delivery.

A

fats

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4
Q

Horome: Insulin->Origin_->Target_

A

Pancreatic Beta Cell:Liver, Muscle, others

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5
Q

Horome: GLucagon->Origin_->Target_

A

Pancreatic alpha cell: liver

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6
Q

Horome: Epinephrine->Origin_->Target_

A

adrenal gland:liver, muscle, others

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7
Q

_Between meals, glucose
concentration drops

A

feed/fasting

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8
Q

Decreases insulin release

A

Feeding / Fasting

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9
Q

Stimulates glucagon release

A

Feeding / Fasting

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10
Q

_released in
response to low blood glucose

A

epinephrine

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11
Q

During a meal – _moves from
digestive tract to blood stream

A

glucose

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12
Q

is downregulated in liver
and muscle

A

glycogenolysis

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13
Q

Stimulation of glucose transport in muscle

A

feeding/fasting

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14
Q

Suppression of liver

A

gluconeogenesis

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15
Q

Triggers insulin release activates glycogen
synthesis in liver and muscle

A

feeding/fasting

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16
Q

works on
nonreducing ends until it reaches
four residues from an (alpha 1→ 6)
branch point.

A

Glycogen phosphorylase

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17
Q

transfers a
block of three residues to the
nonreducing end of the chain.

A

Debranching enzyme

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18
Q

cleaves the
single remaining (alpha1→6)-linked
glucose, which becomes a free
glucose unit (i.e., NOT glucose-1-
phosphate).

A

Debranching enzyme

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19
Q

occurs After 11 glucosyl units have been
added

A

Branching step

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20
Q

(also
named branching
glycosyltransferase)

A

Glycogen branching enzyme

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21
Q

Break alpha-1,4 bond at least 6-7
glucosyl units from reducing end
of a chain at least 11 residues
long

A

Glycogen synthesis
– Branching step

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22
Q

Transfers segment to interior 6-
hydroxyl position at least 4
residues away from any branching
point

A

Glycogen synthesis
– Branching step

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23
Q

Creates alpha-1,6 bond called
branch point

A

Glycogen synthesis
– Branching step

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24
Q

Glucose 6-P is incorporated into
glycogen

A

Glycogen synthesis

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25
Q

Formation of glucose 1-P by
Phosphoglucomutase
– Reversible, near equilibrium enzyme
– Same mechanism as phosphoglycerate
mutase in glycolysis

A

Glycogen synthesis-– First step

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26
Q

Formation of uridine diphosphate (UDP)
glucose or activated glucose.
– Glucose 1-P is not reactive enough (activation)
– Carrier function similar to acetyl-CoA

A

Glycogen synthesis-– second step

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27
Q

Tiny soluble granules in

A

cytoplasm

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28
Q

Structure of glycogen
– _increases the solubility

A

Branching

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29
Q

increases the rate
of synthesis and breakdown
(more terminal non-reducing
ends

A

Structure of glycogen-Branching

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30
Q

protein molecule at
the core of glycogen

A

glycogenin

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31
Q

Primer for formation of glycogen

A

Glycogenin

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32
Q

Polymers of _can weigh
up to 100 million daltons

A

glycogen

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33
Q

Straight chain links – alpha 1,4
linkages
– Branch points – alpha 1,6
linkages (more than starch)

A

Structure of glycogen

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34
Q

ATP Synthase=

A

=Power Generator

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35
Q

ATP Synthesis Mechanism =

A

(Binding change Mechanism

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36
Q

– The beta subunit has the active site for synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi

A

ATP Synthesis Mechanism

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37
Q

– Conformational change of the beta subunits propagated by the y subunit rotation is key

A

ATP Synthesis Mechanism

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38
Q

ATP Synthesis Mechanism-step 1

A

– Step 1- ADP and Pi bind to the open beta subunit (OPEN)

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39
Q

ATP Synthesis Mechanism-step 2

A

– Step 2- The y rotate 1/3, ADP and Pi are locked in but not close enough (LOOSE)

40
Q

ATP Synthesis Mechanism-step 3

A

– Step 3- The y rotate 1/3, ADP and Pi are brought together and react to form ATP (TIGHT)

41
Q

ATP Synthesis Mechanism-back to step 1

A

– Back to step 1- The y rotate 1/3, ATP is released and the subunit can accept ADP and Pi

42
Q

– One full rotation generate _ in the atp synthesis mechanism

A

3 ATPs (speed estimated at 100 rotations per second!)

43
Q

Need _
to get one full rotation or 3 ATPs (3.3 H+
for 1 ATP) in the ATP synthesis metabolism

44
Q

The _rotates until the next empty c subunit become accessible to the next H+

A

atp rotation mechanism- c ring

45
Q

The c ring (10 subunits) keep rotating until the _are released through the matrix channel (low [H+])

A

atp rotation mechanism-protons

46
Q

rotation is transmitted by the _to the F1
region.

47
Q

– Need 10 H+ to get one full rotation of the _

A

ring and stalk

48
Q

Culmination of aerobic cell respiration

A

Oxidative
Phosphorylation

49
Q

Pathway that oxidizes electron carriers from
Krebs cycle

A

oxidative phosphorylation

50
Q

NADH and FADH2 are mobile carriers from Krebs cycle in_

A

Oxidative
Phosphorylation

51
Q

Responsible for most of produced ATP in cells

A

Oxidative
Phosphorylation

52
Q

Has proton gradient that acts as the energy
intermediate

A

Oxidative
Phosphorylation

53
Q

Oxidative
Phosphorylation Has proton gradient that acts as the energy
intermediate
– Mechanism is called the

A

chemiosmotic hypothesis

54
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation term refers to two
processes:

A

Oxidation
– Phosphorylation

55
Q

In isolated mitochondria, these processes are
coupled

A

-Oxidation
– Phosphorylation

56
Q

Electron flow from _to Q (ubiquinone) to O2

57
Q

NADH is oxidized to _

58
Q

O2
is reduced to

59
Q

Continuous consumption of O2 and production of _

60
Q

Takes place within inner membrane of mitochondria

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

61
Q

As electrons move through the
membrane
* Protons are pumped across the
membrane

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

62
Q

Electrical and chemical gradient across
the mitochondrial membrane

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

63
Q

Electron transport chain procedures

A
  1. Electrons transfer
  2. Protons pumped
  3. Oxygen reduction
  4. ATP generation
    Energy transformed
    several times
64
Q

Large pores in the outer membrane
(The porins let small & charged
molecules crossing and connect
inner membrane space to
cytoplasm)

A

Essential Features of the
Mitochondria

65
Q

Intermembrane space

A

Essential Features of the
Mitochondria

66
Q

Relatively high concentration of
proteins

A

Inner membrane of Mitochondria

67
Q

Impermeable to charged molecules

A

Inner membrane of Mitochondria

68
Q

Carrier proteins

A

Inner membrane of Mitochondria

69
Q

Protein complexes control flow of
protons and electrons

A

Inner membrane of Mitochondria

70
Q

Matrix

A

Essential Features of the
Mitochondria

71
Q

Electrons transferred to FMN to form FMNH2

A

Pathway of Electrons: Complex I

72
Q

– Transfer from FMN to Fe-S clusters

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex I
73
Q

– Transfers its electrons to Q

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex I
74
Q

This results in QH2
formation

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex I
75
Q

– Q and QH2 are mobile cofactor

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex I
76
Q

– Complex releases 4 protons to cytosol

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex I
77
Q

Electrons from succinate dehydrogenase (Succinate to
Fumarate, Krebs cycle

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex II
78
Q

FAD/FADH2
is bound cofactor

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex II
79
Q

Complex does not release any proton to cytosol
(less ATP produced)

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex II
80
Q

– Electrons move through a series of Fe-S clusters

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex II
81
Q

– Transfers its electrons to Q

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex II
82
Q

This results in QH2
formation

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex II
83
Q

– Also known as bc1 complex or Qcytochrome c reductase

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex III
84
Q

– Complex of 10 proteins

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex III
85
Q

– QH2 donates electrons to complex

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex III
86
Q

– Complex releases 4 protons to cytosol

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex III
87
Q

– Complex reduces cytochrome c

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex III
88
Q

– Cytochrome c is a soluble mobile cofactor

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex III
89
Q

– Final complex of electron transport

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex IV
90
Q

– Also known as cytochrome c oxidase

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex IV
91
Q

– Contain both Heme groups and Cu atoms

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex IV
92
Q

– 2x Cytochrome c donate electrons to complex

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex IV
93
Q

Electrons from complex react with O2 to form H2O

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex IV
94
Q
  • Complex uses proton gradient to form ATP
94
Q

– Complex releases 2 protons to cytosol

A
  • Pathway of Electrons: Complex IV
95
Q

Mechanisms for electron and
proton flows overall result

A

proton gradient is produced across the inner mitochondrial membrane
-Re-entry of protons drive the synthesis of ATP
– First part of pathway

BCHEM (7 decks)

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