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test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

descriptive stats are…

A

statistics used to organize/summarize info

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2
Q

inferential stats

A

tests that allow researcher to make inferences about some unknown aspect of population

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3
Q

statistical inference

A

provides tools to assess reliability of inferences made about population

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4
Q

central tendency is a…

A

descriptive stat

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4
Q

central tendency measures…

A

the center score in group of data (mean, median, mode)

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5
Q

mean

A

sum of all values in group divided by number of values group

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6
Q

median

A

midpoint in set of scores / use when there are extreme scores

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7
Q

mode

A

value that occurs most frequently

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7
Q

use mode when…

A

data is categorical

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8
Q

use mean when…

A

data has no extremes or categorical data

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8
Q

variability is…

A

how different each score is from the mean score (range, standard deviation, variance)

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9
Q

variability is measure of how much each score differs from the..

A

mean

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10
Q

range is…

A

difference between largest and smallest scores

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11
Q

standard deviation is…

A

average distance from mean

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12
Q

variance is…

A

standard deviation squared

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13
Q

what type of skewness are there

A

positive and negative

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14
Q

continuous iv + continuous dv (analysis method)

A

correlation

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14
Q

descriptive stats used for measuring…

A

frequencies

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15
Q

continuous iv + categorical dv (analysis method)

A

logistic regression

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16
Q

categorical iv + continuous dv (analysis method)

A

t-test/anova

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16
Q

chi square test compares…

A

observed frequencies with frequencies we expect under the null hypothesis

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17
Q

categorical iv + categorical dv (analysis method)

A

chi-square

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18
Q

(observed-expected)2 / expected

A

chi square formula

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19
Q

how can you tell if the chi square stat is significant?

A

greater difference between observed and expected frequencies lead to greater chi square

20
Q

how to calc degrees of freedom?

A

(rows-1) x (column-1)

21
Q

if chi square is > than critical value…

A

relationship is significant

22
Q

phi and cramer’s v tell us…

A

the degree of difference between our variables

23
Q

phi is used for

A

2x2

24
Q

Cramer’s v is used for larger than

A

2x2

25
Q

weak relationship if phi and cramer’s v is

A

less than .10

26
Q

moderate relationship if phi and cramer’s v is

A

between .10 and .25

27
Q

strong relationship if phi and cramer’s v is

A

greater than .25

28
Q

most elementary method for comparing two+ groups mean scores

A

t-test

29
Q

independent t-test

A

comparing means of 2 nominal (categorical) groups

30
Q

paired t-test

A

comparing means of 2 variables, comparing mean of variable at 2 points in time (one group)

31
Q

to conduct a t-test, you need

A

means, # of units in each group, standard deviation, degrees of freedom

32
Q

the further apart the means are…

A

the more confident we are the group means are different

33
Q

knowing what the ___ is very important and .05 value indicates significance

A

p-value; .05

34
Q

when looking at significance on charts, look at…

A

sig. (2-tailed)

35
Q

three ways to check for significance

A
  1. compare t-value to critical value (t-value should be greater than crit val)
  2. look at significance value (less than .05)
  3. look at confidence interval (sig if doesn’t cross 0)
36
Q

what can anova test be used for?

A

can be used to simultaneously investigate multiple levels of independent variables (ex: political orientation)

37
Q

__- way anova refers to

A

of iv’s

38
Q

__- way anova refers to

A

of iv’s

39
Q

if the F statistic is large, the difference is…

A

greater and more significant

40
Q

can look at the ___ subsets (groups that are same as each other) to make things easier

A

homogenous

41
Q

correlation determines the degree to which…

A

two ordinal, interval, or ratio variables are associated

42
Q

correlation coefficient may take value between

A

-1.00 and 1.00

43
Q

direction of a correlation coefficient indicated by…

A

positive and negative

44
Q

magnitude of a correlation coefficient indicated by

A

1 (perfect correlation) and 0 (no relationship)

45
Q

r is the correlation formula indicates…

A

average product of all pairs of z-scores

46
Q

large sample size, r __ and small sample size, r __

A

goes down / goes up

47
Q

regression is..

A

stat technique that relates a dv to one+ iv

48
Q

when you want to summarize strength + degree of relationship btwn two+ numeric variables

A

use correlation

49
Q

when looking to predict, optimize, explain # response btwn numeric variables (how x affects y)

A

use regression

50
Q

this regression uses one iv to explain outcome of dv

A

simple linear regression

51
Q

this regression uses two+ iv to predict outcome

A

multiple linear

52
Q

logistic regression used for

A

categorical outcome variables (iv can be cont, categ, mix of both)

53
Q

error term is…

A

residual variable that accounts for lack of relationship btwn iv and dv

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