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earth science > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four major types of weathering? Give an example of each

A
  1. physical - pot holes
  2. chemical - rusting
  3. mechanical - rock fall
  4. organic - earth worms
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2
Q

What are outcomes of weathering?

A

Rocks can become more rounded and outside surfaces more weathered than inside

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3
Q

How can weathering be seen in human structures?

A
  • breakup of concrete
  • breakdown of tombstones
  • rearrangement by roots growing
  • formation of soil
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4
Q

Name and describe the four types of erosion

A
  1. gravity - produces smaller rocks with sharp edges
  2. running water- many rocks will be rounded, material is commonly sorted by size
  3. wind - picks up and moves grains, like sand at the beach
  4. ice and glaciers - as glaciers move by gravity it pushes rock underneath
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5
Q

How are natural bridges, caves, and karst part of the erosion process?

A

some material is softer, so it is weathered and eroded first, other material left behind

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6
Q

What is soil?

A

weathered material in which plants can grow

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7
Q

Name and describe the four components of soil

A
  1. minerals - the particles that make up the soil
  2. organic material - leaves, dead organisms, roots
  3. water - percolates the soil from the surface
  4. air - pore spaces in the soil
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8
Q

What processes are part of soil development?

A
  • physical and chemical weathering of rocks
  • organic material added with decomposition
  • introduced by erosion, transport, deposition
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9
Q

How does leaching and accumulation influence each soil type?

A
  1. lateritic - where there is much water that flows through soils and out remaining are non water soluble minerals
  2. pedaler - seasonal and moderate rains allow for some water to percolate from surface further down into area of accumulation
  3. pedocal - not much water, thus minerals do not percolate thorough soil much
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10
Q

Describe lateritic, pedalfer, and pedocal soils

A
  1. lateritic - formed in the tropics
  2. pedalfer- formed in temporal areas
  3. pedocal - formed in dry climates
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11
Q

Which soil type is common in South Carolina?

A

pedalfer

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12
Q

What is soil texture?

A

Size of the particles, sand, silt, and clay

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13
Q

Relative to soil texture, what is the composition of loam?

A

40% sand 40% silt 20% clay

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14
Q

What are the two major components of soil erosion?

A

detachment and transportation

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15
Q

How are detachment and transportation accomplished?

A

detachment - result of weathering
transportation - moving of the material

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16
Q

Erosion may occur due to rock failures. How are they classified?

A
  • rock or debris fall
  • rockslides
  • rotational slides
17
Q

Where on earth is water detected?

A

Ocean, atmosphere, ground water, rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, and glaciers

18
Q

In what form is most of the earths water

A

liquid in the ocean

19
Q

Describe the water cycle (be able to label)

A

evaporation - condensation - precipitation - percolation - runoff

20
Q

In what major ways do we use water?

A
  • electric generation
  • irrigation
  • domestic use
  • industrial
21
Q

What is the expression stream discharge and how is it calculated?

A

amount of water moving in the stream - width x depth x velocity

22
Q

What is watershed?

A

area that drains to specific location

23
Q

How can particles move within a stream or river?

A
  1. traction - large objects rolling only with stronger currents
  2. saltation - bounces along, such as with sand and gravel
  3. suspension - such as clay and silt, can move with slow current eventually settles out
  4. solution - completely in water and moved to where ever the water goes
24
Q

What is a streams bedload?

A

the amount of material moved

25
Q

How is a streams gradient calculated?

A

vertical change divided by horizontal distance

26
Q

What changes are seen in a stream or river from the mountains to the coast?

A
  1. water velocity - faster in mountains
  2. discharge - larger near coast
  3. channel size - larger near coast
  4. total sediment - picked up in mountains, deposited near coast
27
Q

How do braided rivers develop?

A

sediment being deposited and water having to go around it

28
Q

What is a meander?

A

curves in a river

29
Q

What are the causes of a meander?

A

the outside of the curve moves faster causing erosion, the inside moves slower where sediment is deposited making curves stronger

30
Q

What are characteristics of a mountain stream?

A
  • high gradient
  • fast velocity
  • erosion
  • altering pool and riffles
31
Q

What are characteristics of a coastal river?

A
  • low gradient
  • low velocity
  • lots of sediment
  • creates floodplain
32
Q

What is groundwater?

A

any free water below the surface, it is due to percolation

33
Q

How do porosity and permeability influence an aquifer?

A
  • porosity is the amount of space between particles so more space more water can flow through
  • permeability is the ability of water to move through the soil so if more water can move aquifer will be larger

earth science (6 decks)

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