Test 3

Question 1

breathing during exercise

Answer 1

when initially exercising, no diff from rest
as heart beats faster and blood moves quicker, oxygen diffusion rate out of alveoli will be affected (same amount of O2 loading onto hemoglobin)
during exercise, PO2 returning is 2-3 vs 4-5 during rest

Question 2

affinity for O2

Answer 2

increased affinity means more sticky and vice versa
with increased affinity, saturation occurs with the least PO2

Question 3

cooperativity for oxygen

Answer 3

steeper slope = greater cooperativity
greater cooperativity = easier to lose oxygen after the first is lost

Question 4

P50

Answer 4

index where PO2 yields 50% saturation of hemoglobin
when P50 inc, O2 affinity dec

Question 5

things that cause curve shift

Answer 5

inc in body/blood temp
inc in blood CO2 levels
inc blood acidity (lower pH)

all cause curve shift to the right

Question 6

bohr effect

Answer 6

explains why O2 affinity declines during exercise
in body fluids where CO2 inc or lower pH, O2 affinity will dec

Question 7

PO2 levels in the body

Answer 7

cells get rid of CO2 by putting it in blood
in a cell, pCO2 = 46 mmHg
this stays constant in veins
pCO2 in lungs = 40 mmHg

Question 8

CO2 chemoreceptors

Answer 8

sensing agents that sense when pCO2 gets too high
present on aorta and carotid arteries
when too high, negative feedback loop is initiated to expel CO2

Question 9

haldane effect

Answer 9

deoxygenated blood is more likely to take CO2
makes sense because pO2 is lowest in the veins

Question 10

CO2 entering blood

Answer 10

CO2 + H2O => HCO3- + H+
to avoid blood becoming too acidic from H+ buildup, hemoglobin can collect H+ but only when 3/4 oxygen spaces are open

Question 11

different ways CO2 is moved from cells to atm

Answer 11

1. CO2 is dissolved in blood- following partial pressure gradient
2. CO2 on hemoglobin- can carry 20+ CO2 molecules
3. bicarbonate ions dissolved in blood or RBC- accounts for 90% of CO2

Question 12

carbonic anhidrase

Answer 12

promote production of bicarbonate ions
quickens chemical reaction

Question 13

chloride shift

Answer 13

replacing HCO3- with Cl- in RBC
when this happens, pCO2 = 46 mmHg in blood
dissolved CO2 moves toward alveoli first
H+ moves to alveoli on hemoglobin next
HCO3- then moves back into RBC (opposite of chloride shift), interacts with H+ to create CO2 that diffuses out of RBC

Question 14

normal pH

Answer 14

arterial blood = 7.4
cannot go above 7.7 or below 6.8
outside this range, protein function is interfered with
normal blood pH often varies with body temp in animals that have constant deep body temp (constant relative alkalinity)

Question 15

alphastat hypothesis

Answer 15

changes in pH are a means of maintaining a constant state of electrical charge on protein molecules

Question 16

application of alphastat hypothesis

Answer 16

temp changes alter chemical behavior of the buffer groups on protein molecules
dec temps = inc pK1 vales of imidazole groups = tendency to combine with H+ groups inc
this is avoided by dec H+ conc at low temps

Question 17

concentration of CO2 and acid-base regulation

Answer 17

inc blood acidity = inc lung ventilation = lowering pCO2
dec blood acidity = dec lung ventilation = inc pCO2

Question 18

H+ concentration regulation

Answer 18

regulated by kidneys (urine release) in humans
in fish, H+ concentration is regulated by gill epithelium (exchanged with env)

Question 19

HCO3- concentration regulation

Answer 19

dec HCO3- release in urine = H+ is inc removed = alkaline blood
inc release HCO3- = inc H+ concentration in fluid = acidic blood (dec pH)

Question 20

acidosis

Answer 20

pH is more acidic, below 7.35
respiratory = exhalation of CO2 is dec, inc H+
metabolic = fewer HCO3- in bodily fluids, too much H+

Question 21

alkalosis

Answer 21

pH is more alkaline, above 7.45
respiratory = increased exhalation of CO2 compared to production, dec H+
metabolic = too much HCO3- in bodily fluids, too few H+

Question 22

lungs regulating acid-base balance

Answer 22

during mild exercise (no lactic acid), respiration is inc to keep CO2 in check
during strenuous exercise (lactic acid), hyperventilation may actually eliminate too much CO2 (alkalosis), which helps to limit metabolic acidosis caused by lactic acid

Question 23

proteins role in the body

Answer 23

proteins provide structure, enzymes, work in muscles, hemoglobin, hormones

Question 24

proteins

Answer 24

string of amino acids put together in a unique way

Question 25

essential vs nonessential

Answer 25

1. needs to be introduced to the body through food (9 amino acids) 2. can come from diet but the body would be able to synthesize themselves without eating them (11 amino acids)

Question 26

foods high in protein

Answer 26

beef, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy, soy, quinoa, some beans/legumes

Question 27

protein digestion

Answer 27

need adequate enzymes to break down proteins in our digestive systems to "free up" amino acids to be used

Question 28

lipid/fatty acid role in body

Answer 28

principle components of cellular membranes, important for energy storage, reduce H2O loss to environment

Question 29

fatty acid synthesis

Answer 29

occurs in the liver and adipose tissue (fat cells) stored in adipose tissue until needed to make cell membranes or ATP monosaccharides or amino acids can be broken down and strung together to make fatty acids

Question 30

essential fatty acids

Answer 30

Omega 3 and Omega 6

Question 31

carbohydrate role in body

Answer 31

provide immediate energy release for the body (glycogen for animal and starch in plants) also provide structural properties

Question 32

carbohydrate synthesis

Answer 32

all carbs come from diet either by consuming sugar or breaking down amino acids or fatty acids

Question 33

carbohydrate digestion

Answer 33

if we cannot break down poly/disaccarides it is a waste and no energy is gained humans cannot break down chitlin or cellulose ourselves so no energy is gained

Question 34

vitamins role in body

Answer 34

body will fail to thrive without them besides vitamin D (from UV rays) and B3, the body cannot produce its own vitamins

Question 35

minerals role in body

Answer 35

cannot be synthesized by body, so must come from diet need things like iron for hemoglobin and protein function

Question 36

target, attack, and ingest strategy

Answer 36

specialization of (in)vertebrae feeding apparatus enables cohabitation of similar species to target different prey Ex: zebra and wildebeest both eat in the same areas but zebra mouth is better for tall grass and wildebeest for short

Question 37

criteria for suspension feeding

Answer 37

occurs in water prey are not targeted prey are small and must be collected in bulk to provide good nutrition predators mouth must be large enough to open and take in a lot of water

Question 38

suspension feeding

Answer 38

enables animals to eat lower on the food chain where energy has been less depleted (ie autotrophs)

Question 39

whale suspension feeding

Answer 39

water, upon entering the mouth, is forcefully moved laterally towards baleen plates and forced out baleen plates catch any food roqual whales have an expandable throat sac that engulfs water and prey

Question 40

roqual eating phases

Answer 40

acceleration (4-10 seconds) engulfment (4-6 seconds) filtering (61-97 seconds)

Question 41

symbiosis with photosynthetic autotrophs

Answer 41

symbiotic algae live in gastrodermis and pass photosynthetic products directly to the animal cells in each polyp algae provide food and polyp provide a great place to live coral bleaching kills algae, leaving polyps without adequate food

Question 42

symbiosis with chemosynthetic autotrophs

Answer 42

creating energy using inorganic compounds to build organic molecules sulfur molecules -> reduced to hydrogen sulfide -> seep into hydrothermal vents -> worm gets hydrogen sulfide -> diffuse into trophosome -> bacteria oxidize inorganic to organic

Question 43

symbiosis with heterotrophs

Answer 43

cows cannot break down grass, so bacteria are invited into rumen to create cellulase some glucose feeds bacteria, but grass protein keeps bacteria from growing too much bacteria can make extra protein for cow when urea is funneled back into rumen

Question 44

chemical energy vs mechanical energy vs thermal energy

Answer 44

1. comes from food 2. used to do work (utilizes chemical energy) 3. unusable energy that becomes heat

Question 45

metabolism

Answer 45

sum of chemical reactions that take place in an animal food is chemical energy and is needed for chemical reactions

Question 46

metabolic rate

Answer 46

of chemical reactions that occur in a day rate at which chemical energy is converted to work and heat

Question 47

what does metabolism tell us

Answer 47

measure of how much chemical energy animal is consuming over time indicates food needs, whether at rest or not indicates how much drain an animal in a given ecosystem would do

Question 48

indirect caloriemetry

Answer 48

rate of oxygen consumption to get metabolism rate very difficult to accurately measure directly when glucose is consumed by cells, a fixed amount of oxygen is used and fixed amount of heat and CO2 is produced

Question 49

respiratory quotient

Answer 49

moles of CO2 produced per unit time / moles of O2 consumed per unit time

Question 50

RQ values

Answer 50

carbs = 1 proteins = 0.8 lipids = 0.7

Question 51

values for O2 molecules consumed

Answer 51

carbs = 21.1 proteins = 18.7 lipids = 19.8 mixed diet = 20.2