Test 3 Flashcards
breathing during exercise
when initially exercising, no diff from rest
as heart beats faster and blood moves quicker, oxygen diffusion rate out of alveoli will be affected (same amount of O2 loading onto hemoglobin)
during exercise, PO2 returning is 2-3 vs 4-5 during rest
affinity for O2
increased affinity means more sticky and vice versa
with increased affinity, saturation occurs with the least PO2
cooperativity for oxygen
steeper slope = greater cooperativity
greater cooperativity = easier to lose oxygen after the first is lost
P50
index where PO2 yields 50% saturation of hemoglobin
when P50 inc, O2 affinity dec
things that cause curve shift
inc in body/blood temp
inc in blood CO2 levels
inc blood acidity (lower pH)
all cause curve shift to the right
bohr effect
explains why O2 affinity declines during exercise
in body fluids where CO2 inc or lower pH, O2 affinity will dec
PO2 levels in the body
cells get rid of CO2 by putting it in blood
in a cell, pCO2 = 46 mmHg
this stays constant in veins
pCO2 in lungs = 40 mmHg
CO2 chemoreceptors
sensing agents that sense when pCO2 gets too high
present on aorta and carotid arteries
when too high, negative feedback loop is initiated to expel CO2
haldane effect
deoxygenated blood is more likely to take CO2
makes sense because pO2 is lowest in the veins
CO2 entering blood
CO2 + H2O => HCO3- + H+
to avoid blood becoming too acidic from H+ buildup, hemoglobin can collect H+ but only when 3/4 oxygen spaces are open
different ways CO2 is moved from cells to atm
- CO2 is dissolved in blood- following partial pressure gradient
- CO2 on hemoglobin- can carry 20+ CO2 molecules
- bicarbonate ions dissolved in blood or RBC- accounts for 90% of CO2
carbonic anhidrase
promote production of bicarbonate ions
quickens chemical reaction
chloride shift
replacing HCO3- with Cl- in RBC
when this happens, pCO2 = 46 mmHg in blood
dissolved CO2 moves toward alveoli first
H+ moves to alveoli on hemoglobin next
HCO3- then moves back into RBC (opposite of chloride shift), interacts with H+ to create CO2 that diffuses out of RBC
normal pH
arterial blood = 7.4
cannot go above 7.7 or below 6.8
outside this range, protein function is interfered with
normal blood pH often varies with body temp in animals that have constant deep body temp (constant relative alkalinity)
alphastat hypothesis
changes in pH are a means of maintaining a constant state of electrical charge on protein molecules
application of alphastat hypothesis
temp changes alter chemical behavior of the buffer groups on protein molecules
dec temps = inc pK1 vales of imidazole groups = tendency to combine with H+ groups inc
this is avoided by dec H+ conc at low temps
concentration of CO2 and acid-base regulation
inc blood acidity = inc lung ventilation = lowering pCO2
dec blood acidity = dec lung ventilation = inc pCO2
H+ concentration regulation
regulated by kidneys (urine release) in humans
in fish, H+ concentration is regulated by gill epithelium (exchanged with env)
HCO3- concentration regulation
dec HCO3- release in urine = H+ is inc removed = alkaline blood
inc release HCO3- = inc H+ concentration in fluid = acidic blood (dec pH)
acidosis
pH is more acidic, below 7.35
respiratory = exhalation of CO2 is dec, inc H+
metabolic = fewer HCO3- in bodily fluids, too much H+
alkalosis
pH is more alkaline, above 7.45
respiratory = increased exhalation of CO2 compared to production, dec H+
metabolic = too much HCO3- in bodily fluids, too few H+
lungs regulating acid-base balance
during mild exercise (no lactic acid), respiration is inc to keep CO2 in check
during strenuous exercise (lactic acid), hyperventilation may actually eliminate too much CO2 (alkalosis), which helps to limit metabolic acidosis caused by lactic acid
proteins role in the body
proteins provide structure, enzymes, work in muscles, hemoglobin, hormones
proteins
string of amino acids put together in a unique way
essential vs nonessential
- needs to be introduced to the body through food (9 amino acids)
- can come from diet but the body would be able to synthesize themselves without eating them (11 amino acids)
foods high in protein
beef, poultry, fish, eggs, dairy, soy, quinoa, some beans/legumes
protein digestion
need adequate enzymes to break down proteins in our digestive systems to “free up” amino acids to be used
lipid/fatty acid role in body
principle components of cellular membranes, important for energy storage, reduce H2O loss to environment
fatty acid synthesis
occurs in the liver and adipose tissue (fat cells)
stored in adipose tissue until needed to make cell membranes or ATP
monosaccharides or amino acids can be broken down and strung together to make fatty acids
essential fatty acids
Omega 3 and Omega 6
carbohydrate role in body
provide immediate energy release for the body (glycogen for animal and starch in plants)
also provide structural properties
carbohydrate synthesis
all carbs come from diet
either by consuming sugar or breaking down amino acids or fatty acids
carbohydrate digestion
if we cannot break down poly/disaccarides it is a waste and no energy is gained
humans cannot break down chitlin or cellulose ourselves so no energy is gained
vitamins role in body
body will fail to thrive without them
besides vitamin D (from UV rays) and B3, the body cannot produce its own vitamins
minerals role in body
cannot be synthesized by body, so must come from diet
need things like iron for hemoglobin and protein function
target, attack, and ingest strategy
specialization of (in)vertebrae feeding apparatus enables cohabitation of similar species to target different prey
Ex: zebra and wildebeest both eat in the same areas but zebra mouth is better for tall grass and wildebeest for short
criteria for suspension feeding
occurs in water
prey are not targeted
prey are small and must be collected in bulk to provide good nutrition
predators mouth must be large enough to open and take in a lot of water
suspension feeding
enables animals to eat lower on the food chain where energy has been less depleted (ie autotrophs)
whale suspension feeding
water, upon entering the mouth, is forcefully moved laterally towards baleen plates and forced out
baleen plates catch any food
roqual whales have an expandable throat sac that engulfs water and prey
roqual eating phases
acceleration (4-10 seconds)
engulfment (4-6 seconds)
filtering (61-97 seconds)
symbiosis with photosynthetic autotrophs
symbiotic algae live in gastrodermis and pass photosynthetic products directly to the animal cells in each polyp
algae provide food and polyp provide a great place to live
coral bleaching kills algae, leaving polyps without adequate food
symbiosis with chemosynthetic autotrophs
creating energy using inorganic compounds to build organic molecules
sulfur molecules -> reduced to hydrogen sulfide -> seep into hydrothermal vents -> worm gets hydrogen sulfide -> diffuse into trophosome -> bacteria oxidize inorganic to organic
symbiosis with heterotrophs
cows cannot break down grass, so bacteria are invited into rumen to create cellulase
some glucose feeds bacteria, but grass protein keeps bacteria from growing too much
bacteria can make extra protein for cow when urea is funneled back into rumen
chemical energy vs mechanical energy vs thermal energy
- comes from food
- used to do work (utilizes chemical energy)
- unusable energy that becomes heat
metabolism
sum of chemical reactions that take place in an animal
food is chemical energy and is needed for chemical reactions
metabolic rate
of chemical reactions that occur in a day
rate at which chemical energy is converted to work and heat
what does metabolism tell us
measure of how much chemical energy animal is consuming over time
indicates food needs, whether at rest or not
indicates how much drain an animal in a given ecosystem would do
indirect caloriemetry
rate of oxygen consumption to get metabolism rate
very difficult to accurately measure directly
when glucose is consumed by cells, a fixed amount of oxygen is used and fixed amount of heat and CO2 is produced
respiratory quotient
moles of CO2 produced per unit time / moles of O2 consumed per unit time
RQ values
carbs = 1
proteins = 0.8
lipids = 0.7
values for O2 molecules consumed
carbs = 21.1
proteins = 18.7
lipids = 19.8
mixed diet = 20.2
