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Animal Physiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

alimentary canal organs

A

mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus

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2
Q

common themes of animal digestion

A

-chemical digestion involving hydrolytic enzymes and water
-physical digestion involving muscles and specialized structures
-specialized organ/tissue/structure where absorption can occur

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3
Q

catalytic cycle of an enzyme

A

substrate enters active site specialized for substrate -> binds to enzyme -> substrate converted to products -> products are released -> water molecule is required

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4
Q

hydrolytic enzymes

A

water molecule is needed in order for it to work
works inside cells, lumen or are membrane associated

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5
Q

hydrolytic enzymes and carb digestion

A

digestion will be completed on gut villi surface
needs to occur before reaching capillaries because no food can be in blood

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6
Q

hydrolytic enzymes and protein digestion

A

smaller peptides move into the small intestines where peptidases are on brush-border of enterocyte
amino acids are cut form 4 to 3 so they can move into enterocyte
tripeptidase breaks them down so they can exit basolateral side into blood

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7
Q

digestion in simple animal digestive systems

A

digestion and absorbtion occurs in gastrovascular cavity
whatever cannot be digested will leave out through mouth
food phagocytized -> food vacuole -> digestive vacuole -> exocytosis

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8
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary, wave-like muscle contraction that moves food
in humans, contraction of circular muscles behind bolus, longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus, and circular muscle layer moves food forward

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9
Q

physical digestion in birds

A

birds do not have teeth so food moves straight into esophagus and stored in crop
moves into proventiculus for some chemical digestion
moves into gizzard for physical digestion where a rough surface with coilin acts as teeth

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10
Q

gastric pits

A

lie in stomach lining
muscle also lines it to help churn food
contain parietal cells, chief cells, and g cells
also contains a thick mucus lining so that acid doesn’t destroy the lining (HCO3- neutralizes)

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11
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
the HCl secreted here will combine with pepsinogen to form active pepsin

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12
Q

chief cells

A

secrete the zymogene pepsinogen

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13
Q

g cells

A

secrete gastrin

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14
Q

digestion from stomach to the small intestine

A

partially digested foods combine with stomach liquids to make chyme
sphincter at the end of the stomach opens every once in a while to allow a bit of chyme into the small intestine(duodenum)

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15
Q

duodenum

A

beginning part of the small intestine
liver, pancreas, and gallbladder have ducts here

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16
Q

pancreas and digestion

A

produces enzymes to digest proteins
acinar cells secrete zymogens into duct
duct cells secrete HCO3- (neutralizes) and H2O (enables hydrolytic enzyme activity)
enteropeptidase allows this activity

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17
Q

pancreas zymogen cells

A

trypsinogen -> trypsin
chymotrypsinogen -> chymotrypsin
procarboxypeptidase -> carboxypeptidase

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18
Q

fat digestion

A

begins with lingual lipase (fats) in the mouth

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19
Q

emulsification

A

lipid droplets and bile salts combine to form emulsion droplets
emulsifying agent has water-loving molecules and fat-loving molecules to mix
liver delivers bile salts and act as elmulsifier
excess bile salts stored in gallbladder

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20
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

pancreas makes its own and delivers it to duodenum

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21
Q

micelles

A

carry fatty acids to SI border and diffuse across

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22
Q

chylomicrons

A

formed inside enterocytes (fatty acids, glycerol, protein)
move out of cells into lymphatic vesicles inside villi and then move into blood to be used by cells or stored in adipose tissue

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23
Q

carb digestion

A

most occurs in mouth with salivary amylase
once in small intestine, cells on enterocyte further break down carbs (maltase, sucrase, lactase)
pancreatic amylase also aids
any unabsorbed CHO will move to large intestine

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24
Q

large intestine digestion

A

primarily reabsorbs water from undigested food and stores waste material until it is eliminated
absorbs electrolytes back into blood
gut bacteria in LI can digest food as a final effort, helps gut health

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25
Q

HCl production stimulation

A
  1. acetylcholine from parasympathetic vagus nerve
  2. gastrin from g cells via bloodstream
  3. histamine released by released by neighboring mucosal cells
    when all three bind, HCl is high
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26
Q

gastrin and gastric emptying

A

gastrin encourages sphincter muscles to relax and begin emptying
emptying is inhibited by prescence of acidic chyme in SI (duodenal cells secrete CCK and secretin to act on stomach, nerve reflexes slow down stomach contraction and rate of emptying)

27
Q

glucose absorption

A

too big to simply diffuse across membrane
has to move against concentration gradient because higher conc in cell vs intestinal lumen
need help to cross membrane

28
Q

permeability across lipid bilayer

A

ions with electrical charge are less permeable
hydrophobic molecules (fatty acids, hormones) and small gases are very soluble
water is permeable but crosses very slowly

29
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

utilizing membrane proteins (channel or carrier)
still considered passive diffusion because no energy is required
membrane proteins are very selective

30
Q

channel protein transport

A

transmembrane proteins permit passage of ions or water
gated channels open/close, leaky channels open all the time
faster than carrier-mediated transport

31
Q

carrier protein transport

A

undergo reversible shape changes, binding on either side
transport large, water soluble substances

32
Q

movement of uncharged particles

A

governed only by conc gradients
movement of charged ions is also based on electrical diff

33
Q

typical animal cell electricity

A

ICF is more negatively charged than ECF in general
electrical differences actually enables cells to do work
movement guided by overall electrical gradient and differences

34
Q

conduction

A

movement of ions due to electrical difference

35
Q

active transport

A

movement of molecules across cell membranes against their conc or electrochemical gradient
requires ATP

36
Q

principles of active transport

A

-uphill transport requires ATP
-specialized membrane protein is either active (creates own ATP) or secondary (using ATP from other sources)

37
Q

properties of active transport carriers/channels

A

-bind noncovalently and reversibly
-binding is influenced by conformational changes in carrier
-carriers switch between open/close
-use up to 40% of an animals energy
-can move multiple specific molecules
-can be electrogenic (pumps generate electrical diff across membrane)

38
Q

sodium potassium ATPase pumps

A

always active
typically more Na outside cell and more K inside
Na wants to move in because of conc and charge, K wants to move out because of conc
every cell has Na and K leak channels so ATPase pump fixes the problem with leaky channels

39
Q

steps of ATPase

A

3 Na bind to protein channel -> ATP provides energy to change shape -> one phosphate stays bonded -> Na released in cell -> 2 K bind -> changes shape -> phosphate unbinds -> K leaves

40
Q

glucose absorption in the gut

A

enabled by SGLT1, secondary active transport protein/carrier
glucose is low in gut and blood but high in cell
Na is low in cell and high in gut/blood
SGLT1 can move glucose into cell against conc gradient if it moves out an Na

41
Q

substrate and enzyme activity at different temps

A

with inc temps, faster movement means more random movement and connections
when temps get too high, enzymes will denature

42
Q

endothermy

A

ability of an organism to maintain a constant body temp through metabolic processes rather than relying on env temps

43
Q

poikilotherm

A

organism with a variable body temp that tends to fluctuate with and is similar to/slightly higher than env temp
can thermoregulate through behavioral choices

44
Q

temperature

A

random movement of matter

45
Q

conduction vs radiation

A
  1. physical transfer between two surfaces
  2. transfer via air (sun reflecting off cloud)
46
Q

convection vs evaporation

A
  1. wind taking away heat trying to be radiated
  2. sweat evaporates and takes heat with it
47
Q

stenothermal vs eurythermal animals

A
  1. survive only in narrow body temp range, lots of behavioral thermoregulation
  2. tolerate wider range of body temps
48
Q

acute temp changes impact on metabolic rate

A

with an incremental rise in temp, metabolic rate will increase, O2 consumption will inc, energy consumption will inc, and utilization of nutrients will inc

49
Q

acclimation

A

something physiologically happens to lessen impact of metabolism brought on by long-term exposure to non-ideal temps

50
Q

metabolic/aerobic scope

A

when metabolism at rest matches max rate of oxygen consumption, scope = 1
means no exercise can be done
occurs at critically high temps

51
Q

pejus range

A

just above preferred temp range and turning worse

52
Q

homeoflexibility adaptation

A

cold- flexible enzyme binding sites
warm- rigid enzyme binding sites

53
Q

lipid difference with animals

A

cold- unsaturated (double bonds)
warm- saturated (rigid)
too much fluidity will denature the fatty acid

54
Q

pros of being an endotherm

A

roam and survive in diverse env
less dependence on external heat sources
inc biochemical processes
day activities can move into the night
higher digestive rates
sustained locomotion

55
Q

cons of being an endotherm

A

metabolic costs
have to generate internal heat
consume more energy (20x)
remove excess heat

56
Q

thermoneutral zone

A

animal’s metabolic rate is ideal and unaffected by ambient temperature

57
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

metabolic rate of a homeotherm within the thermoneutral range

58
Q

vasomotor control

A

keeps blood warmed by core away from shell
reflex innervation of human skin circulation occurs via sympathetic noradrenic vasoconstrictor nerves

59
Q

countercurrent exchange

A

arteries and veins organized side by side
allows for blood coming from the core to warm up blood going back

60
Q

pilomotor response

A

goosebumps
arrector pili muscle stimulated by sympathetic ns
traps a thick layer of air closer to animal surface

61
Q

neuromuscular activity

A

increases heat production
locomotion, breathing, and circulatory flow
larger animals stay warmer because core area is greater that shell area

62
Q

thermogenesis

A

shivering- individual muscle fibers contracting at random
involuntary when muscle tone is inc when temps dec
not mechanical work so everything is heat

63
Q

thyroid hormones and heat

A

thermogenic and help produce heat
increases basal metabolic activity, makes cell membranes more leaky, and increases size/# of mitochondria

64
Q

brown fat

A

non shivering thermogenesis
contains triglycerides and specialized mitochondria
mitochondria contains UCP1 (thermogenin)
uncouples proton gradient in electron transport chain which means no ATP produced and all energy converted to heat
high quantities of brown fat in newborns, small animals, and hibernators

Animal Physiology (2 decks)

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