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Animal Physiology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

alimentary canal organs

A

mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus

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2
Q

common themes of animal digestion

A

-chemical digestion involving hydrolytic enzymes and water
-physical digestion involving muscles and specialized structures
-specialized organ/tissue/structure where absorption can occur

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3
Q

catalytic cycle of an enzyme

A

substrate enters active site specialized for substrate -> binds to enzyme -> substrate converted to products -> products are released -> water molecule is required

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4
Q

hydrolytic enzymes

A

water molecule is needed in order for it to work
works inside cells, lumen or are membrane associated

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5
Q

hydrolytic enzymes and carb digestion

A

digestion will be completed on gut villi surface
needs to occur before reaching capillaries because no food can be in blood

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6
Q

hydrolytic enzymes and protein digestion

A

smaller peptides move into the small intestines where peptidases are on brush-border of enterocyte
amino acids are cut form 4 to 3 so they can move into enterocyte
tripeptidase breaks them down so they can exit basolateral side into blood

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7
Q

digestion in simple animal digestive systems

A

digestion and absorbtion occurs in gastrovascular cavity
whatever cannot be digested will leave out through mouth
food phagocytized -> food vacuole -> digestive vacuole -> exocytosis

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8
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary, wave-like muscle contraction that moves food
in humans, contraction of circular muscles behind bolus, longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus, and circular muscle layer moves food forward

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9
Q

physical digestion in birds

A

birds do not have teeth so food moves straight into esophagus and stored in crop
moves into proventiculus for some chemical digestion
moves into gizzard for physical digestion where a rough surface with coilin acts as teeth

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10
Q

gastric pits

A

lie in stomach lining
muscle also lines it to help churn food
contain parietal cells, chief cells, and g cells
also contains a thick mucus lining so that acid doesn’t destroy the lining (HCO3- neutralizes)

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11
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
the HCl secreted here will combine with pepsinogen to form active pepsin

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12
Q

chief cells

A

secrete the zymogene pepsinogen

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13
Q

g cells

A

secrete gastrin

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14
Q

digestion from stomach to the small intestine

A

partially digested foods combine with stomach liquids to make chyme
sphincter at the end of the stomach opens every once in a while to allow a bit of chyme into the small intestine(duodenum)

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15
Q

duodenum

A

beginning part of the small intestine
liver, pancreas, and gallbladder have ducts here

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16
Q

pancreas and digestion

A

produces enzymes to digest proteins
acinar cells secrete zymogens into duct
duct cells secrete HCO3- (neutralizes) and H2O (enables hydrolytic enzyme activity)
enteropeptidase allows this activity

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17
Q

pancreas zymogen cells

A

trypsinogen -> trypsin
chymotrypsinogen -> chymotrypsin
procarboxypeptidase -> carboxypeptidase

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18
Q

fat digestion

A

begins with lingual lipase (fats) in the mouth

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19
Q

emulsification

A

lipid droplets and bile salts combine to form emulsion droplets
emulsifying agent has water-loving molecules and fat-loving molecules to mix
liver delivers bile salts and act as elmulsifier
excess bile salts stored in gallbladder

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20
Q

pancreatic lipase

A

pancreas makes its own and delivers it to duodenum

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21
Q

micelles

A

carry fatty acids to SI border and diffuse across

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22
Q

chylomicrons

A

formed inside enterocytes (fatty acids, glycerol, protein)
move out of cells into lymphatic vesicles inside villi and then move into blood to be used by cells or stored in adipose tissue

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23
Q

carb digestion

A

most occurs in mouth with salivary amylase
once in small intestine, cells on enterocyte further break down carbs (maltase, sucrase, lactase)
pancreatic amylase also aids
any unabsorbed CHO will move to large intestine

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24
Q

large intestine digestion

A

primarily reabsorbs water from undigested food and stores waste material until it is eliminated
absorbs electrolytes back into blood
gut bacteria in LI can digest food as a final effort, helps gut health

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25
HCl production stimulation
1. acetylcholine from parasympathetic vagus nerve 2. gastrin from g cells via bloodstream 3. histamine released by released by neighboring mucosal cells when all three bind, HCl is high
26
gastrin and gastric emptying
gastrin encourages sphincter muscles to relax and begin emptying emptying is inhibited by prescence of acidic chyme in SI (duodenal cells secrete CCK and secretin to act on stomach, nerve reflexes slow down stomach contraction and rate of emptying)
27
glucose absorption
too big to simply diffuse across membrane has to move against concentration gradient because higher conc in cell vs intestinal lumen need help to cross membrane
28
permeability across lipid bilayer
ions with electrical charge are less permeable hydrophobic molecules (fatty acids, hormones) and small gases are very soluble water is permeable but crosses very slowly
29
facilitated diffusion
utilizing membrane proteins (channel or carrier) still considered passive diffusion because no energy is required membrane proteins are very selective
30
channel protein transport
transmembrane proteins permit passage of ions or water gated channels open/close, leaky channels open all the time faster than carrier-mediated transport
31
carrier protein transport
undergo reversible shape changes, binding on either side transport large, water soluble substances
32
movement of uncharged particles
governed only by conc gradients movement of charged ions is also based on electrical diff
33
typical animal cell electricity
ICF is more negatively charged than ECF in general electrical differences actually enables cells to do work movement guided by overall electrical gradient and differences
34
conduction
movement of ions due to electrical difference
35
active transport
movement of molecules across cell membranes against their conc or electrochemical gradient requires ATP
36
principles of active transport
-uphill transport requires ATP -specialized membrane protein is either active (creates own ATP) or secondary (using ATP from other sources)
37
properties of active transport carriers/channels
-bind noncovalently and reversibly -binding is influenced by conformational changes in carrier -carriers switch between open/close -use up to 40% of an animals energy -can move multiple specific molecules -can be electrogenic (pumps generate electrical diff across membrane)
38
sodium potassium ATPase pumps
always active typically more Na outside cell and more K inside Na wants to move in because of conc and charge, K wants to move out because of conc every cell has Na and K leak channels so ATPase pump fixes the problem with leaky channels
39
steps of ATPase
3 Na bind to protein channel -> ATP provides energy to change shape -> one phosphate stays bonded -> Na released in cell -> 2 K bind -> changes shape -> phosphate unbinds -> K leaves
40
glucose absorption in the gut
enabled by SGLT1, secondary active transport protein/carrier glucose is low in gut and blood but high in cell Na is low in cell and high in gut/blood SGLT1 can move glucose into cell against conc gradient if it moves out an Na
41
substrate and enzyme activity at different temps
with inc temps, faster movement means more random movement and connections when temps get too high, enzymes will denature
42
endothermy
ability of an organism to maintain a constant body temp through metabolic processes rather than relying on env temps
43
poikilotherm
organism with a variable body temp that tends to fluctuate with and is similar to/slightly higher than env temp can thermoregulate through behavioral choices
44
temperature
random movement of matter
45
conduction vs radiation
1. physical transfer between two surfaces 2. transfer via air (sun reflecting off cloud)
46
convection vs evaporation
1. wind taking away heat trying to be radiated 2. sweat evaporates and takes heat with it
47
stenothermal vs eurythermal animals
1. survive only in narrow body temp range, lots of behavioral thermoregulation 2. tolerate wider range of body temps
48
acute temp changes impact on metabolic rate
with an incremental rise in temp, metabolic rate will increase, O2 consumption will inc, energy consumption will inc, and utilization of nutrients will inc
49
acclimation
something physiologically happens to lessen impact of metabolism brought on by long-term exposure to non-ideal temps
50
metabolic/aerobic scope
when metabolism at rest matches max rate of oxygen consumption, scope = 1 means no exercise can be done occurs at critically high temps
51
pejus range
just above preferred temp range and turning worse
52
homeoflexibility adaptation
cold- flexible enzyme binding sites warm- rigid enzyme binding sites
53
lipid difference with animals
cold- unsaturated (double bonds) warm- saturated (rigid) too much fluidity will denature the fatty acid
54
pros of being an endotherm
roam and survive in diverse env less dependence on external heat sources inc biochemical processes day activities can move into the night higher digestive rates sustained locomotion
55
cons of being an endotherm
metabolic costs have to generate internal heat consume more energy (20x) remove excess heat
56
thermoneutral zone
animal's metabolic rate is ideal and unaffected by ambient temperature
57
basal metabolic rate
metabolic rate of a homeotherm within the thermoneutral range
58
vasomotor control
keeps blood warmed by core away from shell reflex innervation of human skin circulation occurs via sympathetic noradrenic vasoconstrictor nerves
59
countercurrent exchange
arteries and veins organized side by side allows for blood coming from the core to warm up blood going back
60
pilomotor response
goosebumps arrector pili muscle stimulated by sympathetic ns traps a thick layer of air closer to animal surface
61
neuromuscular activity
increases heat production locomotion, breathing, and circulatory flow larger animals stay warmer because core area is greater that shell area
62
thermogenesis
shivering- individual muscle fibers contracting at random involuntary when muscle tone is inc when temps dec not mechanical work so everything is heat
63
thyroid hormones and heat
thermogenic and help produce heat increases basal metabolic activity, makes cell membranes more leaky, and increases size/# of mitochondria
64
brown fat
non shivering thermogenesis contains triglycerides and specialized mitochondria mitochondria contains UCP1 (thermogenin) uncouples proton gradient in electron transport chain which means no ATP produced and all energy converted to heat high quantities of brown fat in newborns, small animals, and hibernators

Animal Physiology (3 decks)

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