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KIN 3E03 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Importance of structure

A

tells us a lot about function
-complexity of human cerebrum surface
-size of olfactory bulb (ie rat v humans)

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2
Q

seeing into the brain- hitoryically what was used

A

disection and staining

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3
Q

new technologies allows us to see living brains- structural

A

-computed tomography (CT or CAT)
-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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4
Q

new technologies allows us to see living brains- functional

A

-positron emission tomography (PET)
-Functional MRI (fMRI)

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5
Q

new technologies allows us to see living brains- other techniques and advancements

A

-Diffusion tensor imaging
-improving MRIs

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6
Q

Structural- comuted tomography (CT or CAT)

A

Digitally reconstructed x-ray images
-360 degrees to provide slices of the object

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7
Q

Structural- comuted tomography (CT or CAT)- PROS

A

-can see bone, brain, organs, ect
-great for bleeding and tumors
–quick scan
-lower cost and shorter wait times than MRI

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8
Q

Structural- comuted tomography (CT or CAT)- cons

A

-low doses or radiation
-images may not be as detailed as other techniques

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9
Q

Structure- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

(m aslo stands for magic)
-no radiation, just large magnetic feild
-different atoms interact differently within the magnetic feild
-build a “map” based on this
-Stronger magnet= clearne images. rated as tesla units (0.5T-3T)
-provides slices of images based on the specific sequences of the scan

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10
Q

Structure- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)- pros

A

-no radiation
-great view of soft tissue
-can highlight different types of tissue (two types: T1-denser vs T2-flags high H20 content like CSF)- depends on what you want to look at

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11
Q

Structure- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)- cons

A

-longer scan times
-can be noisy
-metal implants may cause issues
-longer wait times and more expensive
-mangnet can be dangerous- the magnet is always on; anything metal gets sucked in

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12
Q

clinical case- what is the best way to see MS lesions

A

MRI is the best way to see lesions
Preffered diagonstic technics
-Symtoms + imaging and other tests needed
-can identify previous damage, new imflammation and even atrophy over time

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13
Q

Functional- positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Iaging with radioactive tracer (injected into the body)
Can be used with CT or MRI
-IV with tracerand compounds used by the bodyn(eg glucose-neurons use more when active, pull in tracer with glucose so can track activity)
-measures metabolic activity of the cells of body tissues
-used to diagnosed brain disorders, cancers, ect

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14
Q

Functional- positron emission tomography (PET)- flurodopa

A

type of dopa with radioactive tracer
-Used to detect damaged or lost domapinergic neurons
-support the diagnosis and the evaluating progression and treatment
tracer is injected, brain needs to use dopa. As use it, accumuate tracer- helps detect dopaminergic neuron damage

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15
Q

RTC looking at stem cells for PD

A

uses PET scans to look at dopaminergic cells
-embryonic dopa (stem cells)
-injected into brain–> hope it turned into dopaminergic neurons
some RTC show it improves vs controls (where less flurodopa is picked up)

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16
Q

Functional- Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

MRI to measure changes in blood flow
-Increased blood flow means increased neural activity
-no injection required and better resolution than PET
-track changes in blood flow (increases or decreases) using MRI
-Used to map brains for surgery, diagnose disease and provide many research opportunities

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17
Q

New technologies- diffusion tensor imaging

A

Visualizes large bundles of axons in the brain
-uses an MRI to compare the diffusion of eater that occurs along axons
-direction of traces are represented with different colours
-understnad and track the changes in the structure of the brain with aging and disease

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18
Q

New techniques- Improving MRIs

A

Most “new” techniques come in the form of improvements on this technology
-Improving scan times (2-3 minutes–> aeconds)
-Improving resolution of images (>3T)
-segmentation of images (using AI, tracking diseases over time, seeing structures deep in the brain)
-Measuring different things (fluid levels, tissue stiffness, ect)

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19
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

3 major planes
All 90 degrees to each other
-Sagittal- midsagittal split down the middle
-Frontal (coronal)
-Transverse (horizintal)

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20
Q

Nervous system division

A

-central nervous system (CNS)
-peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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21
Q

Spinal cord

A

-conduit of infomration (brain-body)
-spinal nerves
dorsal roots (sensory)
ventral roots (motor)

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22
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

-nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord
subdivided into:
somatic PNS anf viseral pns

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23
Q

somatic PNS

A

innervatess skin, joints, muscles
Dorsal root ganglia: clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside the spinal cord that contain somatic sensory axons

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24
Q

visceral PNS

A

innervates internal organs, blood vessels, glands

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25
Afferent axons
carry to -cary information towards CNS (ie sensory)
26
Efferent axons
carry from -carry information away rom CNS (ie motor)
27
Collection of neuronal bodies (somas)- gray matter
neuronal bodies in the CNS
28
Collection of neuronal bodies (somas)- nucleus
mass of neuronal bodies in the CNS
29
Collection of neuronal bodies (somas)- ganglion
collection of neuronal bodies in the PNS
30
collection of axons- white matter
collection of axons in the CNS
31
collection of axons- nerve
bundle of axons in the PNS
32
collection of axons- tract
collection of axons with a common origin and destination in the CNS
33
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
-produced by chrocoid plexus found within the brian -circulates throuout CNS -absorbs into venous system
34
CSF functions
-protection -buoyancy -excrete waste products -endocrine medium
35
lateral ventricles
-Also called 1st and 2nd ventricles -leragest cavities
36
3rd and 4th ventricles
-cennected via cerebral aqueduct -3rd ventricle is between two halves of diencephalon -4th ventricle posterior to pons and medulla, but anterior to the cerebellum- continues with central canal of spinal cord
37
Forebrain
-telecephalon (cerebrum) -diencephalon
38
hindbrain
-cerebellum -pons -medulla oblongata
39
telencephalon (or cerebrum)
-largest part of human brain Two cerebral hemispheres -cerebral cortex (outer layer) -white matter (3 groupings) -basal ganglia -amygdala -hippocampus Responsible for a variety of tasks
40
what is is telencephalon responsible for (tasks)
-higher order thinking/reasoning -analyse sensory input and command motor output -memory and emotion
41
3 major white matter systems in telecephalon
axons extend from developing forebrain to other parts of nervous system -cortical white matter: axons of the cerebral cortex -corpus callosum: bridge between left/right hemisphere -internal capsule: links brain to brain stem axons come together and run to brainstem via thalamus (2 way street from top to bottom of brain)
42
diencephalon (thalamus)
-gateway to cerebral cortex -via the internal capsule
43
diencephalon (hypothalamus)
-roles in a variety of autonomic functions and hormine release
44
the midbrain
contains ascending/ descending pathways between cortex, brain stem and spinal cord -note cerebral aqueduct is in centre contains: tectum and tegmentum
45
the midbrain: tectum
receive sensory information from eye/ ears
46
the midbrain: tegmentum
contains teh substantia nigra (black substance) and red nucleus which help control voluntary movement (connects to basal ganglia)
47
The hindbrain
contains 3 major structures: cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata 4th ventricle arises form the cerebral aqueduct
48
hindbrain: cerebellum
most posterior -movement control centre
49
hindbrain: medulla oblongata
most inferior/caudal -autonomic processes (breathing, blood pressure, ect) -also relays information to thalamus
49
hindbrain: pons
most superior/ rostral -switchboard connectingcerebellum and cerebral cortex
50
the spinal cord
white matter in outer layer (superficial) grey matter inside (deep) spinal cord- extension of 4th ventricle
51
cerebral cortex: gyri, sulci, fissures
gyri: bumps sulci: grooves fissues: deep grooves
52
cerebral cortex: central sulcus
in the frontal plane precentral gyrus: voluntary movment (last place before information is sent out) postcentral gyrus- somatic sensation (where 1st peice of info comes in)
53
cerebral cortex: lateral fissure
superior temporal gyrus- hearing aka sylvian fissure
54
cerebral cortex- 4 primary lobes
-frontal -parietal (central sulcus) -temporal (lateral fissure) -occipital
55
areas of the frontal lobe: prefrontal cortex
-executive finction- higher cognitive processes for planning (including movment planning) and organizing thoughts, speech, and behaviours -attention- candirectly or indirectly influence movment -personality and social behaviour
56
Areas of the forntal lobe: premotor and supplementary motor area
Brodmans area 6 -preperation of the body movment
57
Areas of the forntal lobe: primary motor cortex
M1 or brodmans area 4 -precenral gyrus -generates neural impulses for movment -somatotopic motor map -sends info out to spinal cord
58
somatotopic map
size on map relates to number of neurons
59
Areas of the parietal lobe: somatosensory cotex
S1 or brodmans area 1-3 -postcentral gyrus -primary area for processing somatic snesations (raw info coming in) -Somatotopic snesory map
60
Areas of the forntal lobe: posterior parietal cortex
brodmans area 5,7 -integrating sensory information -oject recognition (can recognize feel of object), spatial relationshps, ect -contributes to planning and organizing action
61
occipital lobe
visual cortex -processses visual information
62
temporal lobe
Auditory cortex -processes auditory information Infertemporal cortex -visual processing and object recognition
63
object recognition
Visual information passed from visual cortex to inferotemporal cortex -Quickly and easily identify objects -Don't fully understnad it yet -AI- can't wquite do it like humans yet but gotten much better in recent years
64
Thalamus
-Part of the diencephalon (duck head with hypothalamus as the beak) -3rd ventricle is between R and L halves -Link between sensory and info and cerebrum -previously though tto just be a realy station- now know that os processes (excites/inhibits) and directs to specific areas (like an agent or air traffic controller) -highly integrated with cerebellum and basal ganglia with cortex -axons travel through internal capsule -divided into seperate nuclei that project to diferent areas in the cortex
65
nuceli of the thalamus- Ventral posterior (VP)
-sends snesory inforation to postecentral gyrus -projects to the postcentral gyrus
66
nuceli of the thalamus- Ventral lateral (VL)
-sends motor info -projects to precenrral gyrus -receives input from basal ganglia (helps fine tune info)
67
Basal ganglia
group of subcortical nuclei which support the selection and initiation of movment while preventing unwanted movments (amoung other things) -involves nuceli in the telencephalon, diencephalon (forebrain) and midbrain
68
Basal ganglia: 4 main nuceli- striatum
receives input from cortex includes: -caudate nucelus -putamen
69
Basal ganglia: 4 main nuceli- globus pallidus
output to thalamus -internal and external segments (GPi/GPe)
70
Basal ganglia: 4 main nuceli- subthalmic nucleus
helps regulate movment
71
Basal ganglia: 4 main nuceli- substantia nigra
within midbrain -helps regulate movment- dopaminergic neurons -degeneration in Parkinson's disease
72
Pons
venral to 4th ventricle in the hindbrain -has lots of ascending and desceding tracts carrying sensory adn motor inforamtion -contains the pontine nuclei and the pontine reticualr formaiton
73
pons- pontine nuceli
most ventral aspect -relays cortical infomration to cerebellum
74
pons- pontine reticular formation
-important for respiration, taste, and sleep; as weell as postural control
75
cerebellum- little brain
Most dorsal aspect of the hindbrain -folia (like gyri), and lobules (like lobes) -vermis (like corpus callosum) sperates left and right sides -deep cerebellar nuceli realy information out -most notable cells- perkinje cells
76
cerebellum- perkinje cells
vast netweok of dendrites(receives lots info) and one axon -loss of or damage to movment disorders and/or coordinatiom problems (coordinate and fine tune movments)
77
damage to the cerebellum
leads to uncoordinated movements (ataxia) -test using the finger to nose test
78
cerebellum and alcohol
shrinking of cerebellum wth long term heavy drinking -alcohol impacts the cerebellum- think of sobriety tests- testing fine movment controlled by cerebellum

KIN 3E03 (6 decks)

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