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KIN 3E03 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of structure

A

tells us a lot about function
-complexity of human cerebrum surface
-size of olfactory bulb (ie rat v humans)

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2
Q

seeing into the brain- hitoryically what was used

A

disection and staining

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3
Q

new technologies allows us to see living brains- structural

A

-computed tomography (CT or CAT)
-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

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4
Q

new technologies allows us to see living brains- functional

A

-positron emission tomography (PET)
-Functional MRI (fMRI)

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5
Q

new technologies allows us to see living brains- other techniques and advancements

A

-Diffusion tensor imaging
-improving MRIs

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6
Q

Structural- comuted tomography (CT or CAT)

A

Digitally reconstructed x-ray images
-360 degrees to provide slices of the object

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7
Q

Structural- comuted tomography (CT or CAT)- PROS

A

-can see bone, brain, organs, ect
-great for bleeding and tumors
–quick scan
-lower cost and shorter wait times than MRI

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8
Q

Structural- comuted tomography (CT or CAT)- cons

A

-low doses or radiation
-images may not be as detailed as other techniques

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9
Q

Structure- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

(m aslo stands for magic)
-no radiation, just large magnetic feild
-different atoms interact differently within the magnetic feild
-build a “map” based on this
-Stronger magnet= clearne images. rated as tesla units (0.5T-3T)
-provides slices of images based on the specific sequences of the scan

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10
Q

Structure- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)- pros

A

-no radiation
-great view of soft tissue
-can highlight different types of tissue (two types: T1-denser vs T2-flags high H20 content like CSF)- depends on what you want to look at

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11
Q

Structure- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)- cons

A

-longer scan times
-can be noisy
-metal implants may cause issues
-longer wait times and more expensive
-mangnet can be dangerous- the magnet is always on; anything metal gets sucked in

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12
Q

clinical case- what is the best way to see MS lesions

A

MRI is the best way to see lesions
Preffered diagonstic technics
-Symtoms + imaging and other tests needed
-can identify previous damage, new imflammation and even atrophy over time

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13
Q

Functional- positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Iaging with radioactive tracer (injected into the body)
Can be used with CT or MRI
-IV with tracerand compounds used by the bodyn(eg glucose-neurons use more when active, pull in tracer with glucose so can track activity)
-measures metabolic activity of the cells of body tissues
-used to diagnosed brain disorders, cancers, ect

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14
Q

Functional- positron emission tomography (PET)- flurodopa

A

type of dopa with radioactive tracer
-Used to detect damaged or lost domapinergic neurons
-support the diagnosis and the evaluating progression and treatment
tracer is injected, brain needs to use dopa. As use it, accumuate tracer- helps detect dopaminergic neuron damage

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15
Q

RTC looking at stem cells for PD

A

uses PET scans to look at dopaminergic cells
-embryonic dopa (stem cells)
-injected into brain–> hope it turned into dopaminergic neurons
some RTC show it improves vs controls (where less flurodopa is picked up)

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16
Q

Functional- Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

MRI to measure changes in blood flow
-Increased blood flow means increased neural activity
-no injection required and better resolution than PET
-track changes in blood flow (increases or decreases) using MRI
-Used to map brains for surgery, diagnose disease and provide many research opportunities

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17
Q

New technologies- diffusion tensor imaging

A

Visualizes large bundles of axons in the brain
-uses an MRI to compare the diffusion of eater that occurs along axons
-direction of traces are represented with different colours
-understnad and track the changes in the structure of the brain with aging and disease

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18
Q

New techniques- Improving MRIs

A

Most “new” techniques come in the form of improvements on this technology
-Improving scan times (2-3 minutes–> aeconds)
-Improving resolution of images (>3T)
-segmentation of images (using AI, tracking diseases over time, seeing structures deep in the brain)
-Measuring different things (fluid levels, tissue stiffness, ect)

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19
Q

Anatomical Planes

A

3 major planes
All 90 degrees to each other
-Sagittal- midsagittal split down the middle
-Frontal (coronal)
-Transverse (horizintal)

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20
Q

Nervous system division

A

-central nervous system (CNS)
-peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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21
Q

Spinal cord

A

-conduit of infomration (brain-body)
-spinal nerves
dorsal roots (sensory)
ventral roots (motor)

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22
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

-nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord
subdivided into:
somatic PNS anf viseral pns

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23
Q

somatic PNS

A

innervatess skin, joints, muscles
Dorsal root ganglia: clusters of neuronal cell bodies outside the spinal cord that contain somatic sensory axons

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24
Q

visceral PNS

A

innervates internal organs, blood vessels, glands

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25
Q

Afferent axons

A

carry to
-cary information towards CNS (ie sensory)

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26
Q

Efferent axons

A

carry from
-carry information away rom CNS (ie motor)

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27
Q

Collection of neuronal bodies (somas)- gray matter

A

neuronal bodies in the CNS

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28
Q

Collection of neuronal bodies (somas)- nucleus

A

mass of neuronal bodies in the CNS

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29
Q

Collection of neuronal bodies (somas)- ganglion

A

collection of neuronal bodies in the PNS

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30
Q

collection of axons- white matter

A

collection of axons in the CNS

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31
Q

collection of axons- nerve

A

bundle of axons in the PNS

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32
Q

collection of axons- tract

A

collection of axons with a common origin and destination in the CNS

33
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

-produced by chrocoid plexus found within the brian
-circulates throuout CNS
-absorbs into venous system

34
Q

CSF functions

A

-protection
-buoyancy
-excrete waste products
-endocrine medium

35
Q

lateral ventricles

A

-Also called 1st and 2nd ventricles
-leragest cavities

36
Q

3rd and 4th ventricles

A

-cennected via cerebral aqueduct
-3rd ventricle is between two halves of diencephalon
-4th ventricle posterior to pons and medulla, but anterior to the cerebellum- continues with central canal of spinal cord

37
Q

Forebrain

A

-telecephalon (cerebrum)
-diencephalon

38
Q

hindbrain

A

-cerebellum
-pons
-medulla oblongata

39
Q

telencephalon (or cerebrum)

A

-largest part of human brain
Two cerebral hemispheres
-cerebral cortex (outer layer)
-white matter (3 groupings)
-basal ganglia
-amygdala
-hippocampus
Responsible for a variety of tasks

40
Q

what is is telencephalon responsible for (tasks)

A

-higher order thinking/reasoning
-analyse sensory input and command motor output
-memory and emotion

41
Q

3 major white matter systems in telecephalon

A

axons extend from developing forebrain to other parts of nervous system
-cortical white matter: axons of the cerebral cortex
-corpus callosum: bridge between left/right hemisphere
-internal capsule: links brain to brain stem
axons come together and run to brainstem via thalamus (2 way street from top to bottom of brain)

42
Q

diencephalon (thalamus)

A

-gateway to cerebral cortex
-via the internal capsule

43
Q

diencephalon (hypothalamus)

A

-roles in a variety of autonomic functions and hormine release

44
Q

the midbrain

A

contains ascending/ descending pathways between cortex, brain stem and spinal cord
-note cerebral aqueduct is in centre
contains: tectum and tegmentum

45
Q

the midbrain: tectum

A

receive sensory information from eye/ ears

46
Q

the midbrain: tegmentum

A

contains teh substantia nigra (black substance) and red nucleus which help control voluntary movement (connects to basal ganglia)

47
Q

The hindbrain

A

contains 3 major structures: cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
4th ventricle arises form the cerebral aqueduct

48
Q

hindbrain: cerebellum

A

most posterior
-movement control centre

49
Q

hindbrain: medulla oblongata

A

most inferior/caudal
-autonomic processes (breathing, blood pressure, ect)
-also relays information to thalamus

49
Q

hindbrain: pons

A

most superior/ rostral
-switchboard connectingcerebellum and cerebral cortex

50
Q

the spinal cord

A

white matter in outer layer (superficial)
grey matter inside (deep)
spinal cord- extension of 4th ventricle

51
Q

cerebral cortex: gyri, sulci, fissures

A

gyri: bumps
sulci: grooves
fissues: deep grooves

52
Q

cerebral cortex: central sulcus

A

in the frontal plane
precentral gyrus: voluntary movment (last place before information is sent out)
postcentral gyrus- somatic sensation (where 1st peice of info comes in)

53
Q

cerebral cortex: lateral fissure

A

superior temporal gyrus- hearing
aka sylvian fissure

54
Q

cerebral cortex- 4 primary lobes

A

-frontal
-parietal (central sulcus)
-temporal (lateral fissure)
-occipital

55
Q

areas of the frontal lobe: prefrontal cortex

A

-executive finction- higher cognitive processes for planning (including movment planning) and organizing thoughts, speech, and behaviours
-attention- candirectly or indirectly influence movment
-personality and social behaviour

56
Q

Areas of the forntal lobe: premotor and supplementary motor area

A

Brodmans area 6
-preperation of the body movment

57
Q

Areas of the forntal lobe: primary motor cortex

A

M1 or brodmans area 4
-precenral gyrus
-generates neural impulses for movment
-somatotopic motor map
-sends info out to spinal cord

58
Q

somatotopic map

A

size on map relates to number of neurons

59
Q

Areas of the parietal lobe: somatosensory cotex

A

S1 or brodmans area 1-3
-postcentral gyrus
-primary area for processing somatic snesations (raw info coming in)
-Somatotopic snesory map

60
Q

Areas of the forntal lobe: posterior parietal cortex

A

brodmans area 5,7
-integrating sensory information
-oject recognition (can recognize feel of object), spatial relationshps, ect
-contributes to planning and organizing action

61
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual cortex
-processses visual information

62
Q

temporal lobe

A

Auditory cortex
-processes auditory information
Infertemporal cortex
-visual processing and object recognition

63
Q

object recognition

A

Visual information passed from visual cortex to inferotemporal cortex
-Quickly and easily identify objects
-Don’t fully understnad it yet
-AI- can’t wquite do it like humans yet but gotten much better in recent years

64
Q

Thalamus

A

-Part of the diencephalon (duck head with hypothalamus as the beak)
-3rd ventricle is between R and L halves
-Link between sensory and info and cerebrum
-previously though tto just be a realy station- now know that os processes (excites/inhibits) and directs to specific areas (like an agent or air traffic controller)
-highly integrated with cerebellum and basal ganglia with cortex
-axons travel through internal capsule
-divided into seperate nuclei that project to diferent areas in the cortex

65
Q

nuceli of the thalamus- Ventral posterior (VP)

A

-sends snesory inforation to postecentral gyrus
-projects to the postcentral gyrus

66
Q

nuceli of the thalamus- Ventral lateral (VL)

A

-sends motor info
-projects to precenrral gyrus
-receives input from basal ganglia (helps fine tune info)

67
Q

Basal ganglia

A

group of subcortical nuclei which support the selection and initiation of movment while preventing unwanted movments (amoung other things)
-involves nuceli in the telencephalon, diencephalon (forebrain) and midbrain

68
Q

Basal ganglia: 4 main nuceli- striatum

A

receives input from cortex
includes:
-caudate nucelus
-putamen

69
Q

Basal ganglia: 4 main nuceli- globus pallidus

A

output to thalamus
-internal and external segments (GPi/GPe)

70
Q

Basal ganglia: 4 main nuceli- subthalmic nucleus

A

helps regulate movment

71
Q

Basal ganglia: 4 main nuceli- substantia nigra

A

within midbrain
-helps regulate movment- dopaminergic neurons
-degeneration in Parkinson’s disease

72
Q

Pons

A

venral to 4th ventricle in the hindbrain
-has lots of ascending and desceding tracts carrying sensory adn motor inforamtion
-contains the pontine nuclei and the pontine reticualr formaiton

73
Q

pons- pontine nuceli

A

most ventral aspect
-relays cortical infomration to cerebellum

74
Q

pons- pontine reticular formation

A

-important for respiration, taste, and sleep; as weell as postural control

75
Q

cerebellum- little brain

A

Most dorsal aspect of the hindbrain
-folia (like gyri), and lobules (like lobes)
-vermis (like corpus callosum) sperates left and right sides
-deep cerebellar nuceli realy information out
-most notable cells- perkinje cells

76
Q

cerebellum- perkinje cells

A

vast netweok of dendrites(receives lots info) and one axon
-loss of or damage to movment disorders and/or coordinatiom problems (coordinate and fine tune movments)

77
Q

damage to the cerebellum

A

leads to uncoordinated movements (ataxia)
-test using the finger to nose test

78
Q

cerebellum and alcohol

A

shrinking of cerebellum wth long term heavy drinking
-alcohol impacts the cerebellum- think of sobriety tests- testing fine movment controlled by cerebellum

KIN 3E03 (6 decks)

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