Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology 2320 > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the sum of all structural and regulatory genes is the cells …

A

genotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what effects the expression of genome

A

environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the expressed characteristics of the cell

A

phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what permanently change the nucleotide sequence and therefore the DNA genome

A

mutations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how do mutations affect the cell

A

by changing the codons amino acids and therefore the resulting protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the three types of mutations

A

base substitutions, deletions, or additions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what does the effect of the mutation depend on

A

the location of the mutation in the gene and resulting protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what mutation usually happens during replication

A

base substitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what happens when base substitution happens

A

the hydrogen bonds get mixed up and the wrong base is inserted resulting in a wrong amino acid, unless the substitution trades one codon for a redundant one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens during addition or deletion

A

removal or addition of nucleotides, called frame-shift mutations, causes a shift in the ribosome reading frame changing the resulting amino acid sequence from the point of the mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when do mutations happen

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what increases the rate of spontaneous mutation by damaging the DNA

A

mutagens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what do mutagens cause

A

genetic defects but can also be used for cancer chemotherapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

types of mutagens

A

chemical, base analogs, intercalating agents, ultraviolet radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

chemicals as mutagens

A

damage nucleotide bases including nitrous acid and alkylating agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

base analogs

A

DNA polymerase things it is a nucleotide but it isn’t it changes the codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

intercalating agents

A

chemicals insert into the DNA between the bases causing base additions (ethidium bromide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does ultraviolet radiation cause

A

thymine dimers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are thymine dimers associated with

A

skin cancer and is most common in skin that is exposed to sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what repairs thymine dimers

A

enzymes that uses light energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what finds damaged DNA, cuts it out and repairs it

A

proofreading and mismatch repaid enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what allows a cell to skip a damaged section without stopping replication and transcription

A

an SOS system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what will the cells in a bacterial population show due to non-lethal mutations

A

genetic diversity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

across a population, some nutations may improve adaptation to the environment and cause what

A

evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

does DNA always stay on the circular bacterial chromosome

A

no

26
Q

if new DNA is inserted into a recipient cells chromosome and it works what is it called

A

recombination

27
Q

naked DNA in the medium can be sucked up by bacterial and integrated into the genome

A

transformation

28
Q

bacterial viruses can pick up bacteria DNA and transfer it to newly infected bacterial cells

A

transduction

29
Q

related bacterial cells can transfer DNA through a pilus if their are touching

A

conjugation

30
Q

bacterial often contain small circles of extrachromosomal DNA

A

plasmids

31
Q

characteristics of plasmids

A

replicate independently
can recombine with the chromosome and pop back out
vary in size from a few to many genes

32
Q

what can be transferred between bacteria through conjugation

A

plasmids

33
Q

what often contain optional genes like antibiotic resistance genes

A

plasmids

34
Q

DNA transfer

A

creates new genetic information in the recipient
often moves related genes together as a set
occurs often in mixed microbial environments

35
Q

what involves using microbiology and biochemistry techniques to solve problems and produce products

A

biotechnology

36
Q

what involves manipulating genes to produce the product you want

A

manipulating genes

37
Q

the science of the classification of organisms into related groups

A

taxonomy

38
Q

what are prokaryotes classified by

A

rRNA sequence

39
Q

cells cannot be grouped by phenotypes

A

because they are actually generically far apart

40
Q

molecular taxonomy is sometimes not useful because

A

sometimes bacteria in the same family, genus or species have few but important phenotypes
if there are important differences in groups within a species, we call them different strains

41
Q

bergeys manual

A

first edition in 1923
classified bacteria into 19 groups or classes based on shape, gram reaction, oxygen requirements

42
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary origin

43
Q

what determines the genetic sequence of a group of related miroorganism and can be used to try to deduce which organism may have come from another or from a common ancestor by the similarity of their nucleotide sequences

A

phylogeny

44
Q

phenotypic characteristics

A

the larger the number of features you include, the more accurate your classification
some relate to presence of absence of a single enzyme, some relate to whole metabolic pathways

45
Q

molecular taxonomy

A

everything that a cell does goes back to its DNA, compare the DNA or rRNA directly
- determine the nucleotide sequence, compare with other strians
- includes all the similarities and differences

46
Q

what is the ratio of G/C pairs to total base pairs

A

GC content

47
Q

taking a single stranded DNA from the two organisms, allow them to stick together
the closer the relatedness, them more bases are complementary and the more thermal stability

A

nucleic acid hybridization

48
Q

diagnostic clinical microbiology

A

the goal is to identify potentially pathogenic bacteria from a patient specimen to species

49
Q

direct specimen tests

A

-rapid phenotypic information

50
Q

differential stains

A

gram stains, acid fast stain
tell cell wall structure

51
Q

fluorescent antibody stains

A

tell surface antigens

52
Q

primary culture

A

inoculate specimen onto a selective and differential primary media
colony growth and appearance gives presumptive information and semi-quantity

53
Q

biochemical tests

A

-take single colonies from the primary media, inoculate tests for biochemical reactions
-measure the cells metabolic pathways by including a substrate looking for end products
-often a visible color change based on pH

54
Q

catalase

A

expose a peroxide the enzyme releases oxygen bubbles

55
Q

sugar fermentation

A

pH turns acid with or without gas

56
Q

urease production

A

pH turns alkaline

57
Q

serologic tests

A

fluorescent antibody reagents
partical agglutination

58
Q

phage typing

A

bacteriophages are viruses that kill certain bacteria like antibiotics
test a bacterial isolate against a panel of phages

59
Q

antibiogram

A

bacterial strains within a species differ in their susceptibility to antibiotics

60
Q
A

Microbiology 2320 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions