Test 3 Flashcards
What is beneficence?
Showing kindness or doing good for others allowing for a morally right outcome
What is nonmaleficence?
Specfically causing no harm
What are regulated professions’ common elements?
Educational standards
Provinical and territorial examinations
Practictioner’s scope of practice
Curbing of individual’s practice if standards are not met
Formal complaints process for the public
Complaints investigation and follow up
Title protection
Competence and quality assurance
Practice settings include:
The community
Hospitals
Long-term care facilites
Rehabillitation centres
Hospices
A variety of clinics, offies, and family practice
Primary care settings
How many Canadians 12 and over reported that they did not have a regular health care provider in 2019?
14.5%
What ways are regions experimenting with to deliver primary care?
Mulitdisciplinary teams
Extended office hours
Use of electronic communication/portals to answer questions
Home based care
Interprofessional collaboration
Community-based care
When in Ontario did pharmacists begin to be able to prescribe certain medications for 13 common ailments?
January 1, 2023
What is the Health Care Connect program?
A program to help Ontarians find primary health care providers
What are the two categories of health care providers?
Conventional
Complementary and alternative
What are the two subdivisions of conventional health care providers?
Core health professionals
Allied health professionals
What are examples of core health professionals under the conventional health care provider category?
Doctors
Nurses
Ophthalmologists
Psychiatrists
What are examples of allied health professionals under the conventional health care providers category?
Osteopaths
Personal support workers (PSWs)
Optometrists
Psychologists
What are examples of complementary and alternative health care providers?
Indigeneous healers
Acupuntucture practitioners
Homeopathic doctors
Reflexologists
When does opposition of alternative medicine usually arise?
When people use it in place of scientifically proven treatments
Why may individuals disregard conventional medicine?
Patient may have had a bad experience
Patient may hold a belief system that contradicts mainstream medicine
Patient may have received an alternative treatment that appeared to have worked previously
Mainstream medicine may not have a solution
Are chiropractors conventional or alternative?
Alternative
Can you call yourself an RDH if you are not registered with the CDHO?
No
What is 811?
A replacement for Telehealth Ontario to access advise from qualified health professionals
What is ethics?
The study of standards of right and wrong in human behaviour
A code of behaviour or conduct
What is morality?
A system of beliefs about what is right and wrong, encompassing a person’s values, beliefs, and sense of duty and responsibility
What are morals?
What a person believes to be right and wrong regarding how to treat others and how to behave in an organized society
What are values?
Beliefs important to an individual that guide a person’s conduct and the decisions they make
How does teleological theory define an action?
As right or wrong depending on the results it produces
What ethical theory demands that a moral and honest action is taken, regardless of the outcome?
Deontological theory
What ethical theory states that a person of moral character will act wisely, fairly, honestly, and will uphold the principles of justice?
Virtue ethics
What ethical theory follows philosophies and rules set out by a higher power?
Divine command ethics
What are the ethical principles that are relevant to health care?
Beneficence
Nonmaleficence
Respect
Autonomy
Truthfulness
Fidelity
Justice
True or False: If a patient has a right within health care or to health care, for the most part, the health care professional has the duty to grant that right.
True
True or False: to fulfil one’s duty to honour patients’ rights, the health care professional must either act to carry out a responsibility or refrain from acting or interfering in a situation.
True
What was the point of the original Hippocratic Oath?
Provide ethicial and professional responsibilty of the physician to do their best for the patient, preserve life at all costs, and make decisions in the best interest of the patient.
What led to a revised version of the Hippocractic Oath?
Attitude towards patient autonomy changing over the years
What has made the allocation of resources an increasing concern in the health care industry?
Rising health care costs
Expensive technologies
Limited access to many services
What are some examples of resource allocation issues?
Organ transplantation
Finances and resources
Northern access to health care
End of life issues that raise ethical concerns include
Patients who wish to withdraw life-saving measures
Issuing do-not-resuscitate orders
Requesting support or palliative care in the face of a terminal illness
What is the purpose of euthanasia?
To deliberately end a life in order to relieve pain and suffering due to an incurable disease
What are the various categories of euthanasia?
Voluntry euthanasia
Involuntary euthanasia
Active euthanasia
Passive euthanasia
Physician-assisted suicide
The act of ending or assisting to end a person’s life is illegal in most countries except for
Passive euthanasia
Mentally competent adult patients have the right to
Refuse medical treatment
Request a DNR order
Ask for only comfort measures
Can a person reverse their DNR request at any time?
Yes
Are health care providers legally bound to honor requests of refusing medical tx, DNRs, and comfort only measures?
Yes
What specifies the nature and level of treatment a patient would want to receive in the event that he or she becomes unable to make those decisions at a later time?
An advanced directive
What type of care addresses the physical and emotional needs of those who are dying?
Palliative care
What year did abortion become legal in Canada without restrictions?
1988
What is Canada’s estimated mental health expenditure for public and private mental health?
$15.8 billion
What is Canada’s estimated proportion of total health expenditure on mental health?
7% by 2019
9% by 2022
What is the average cost per day to stay in a mental health unit of a general hospital?
$450/day
What is the average cost per day to stay in a physchiatric hospital?
$414/day
What was the average length of stay in a mental health unit in a general hospital?
13
What is the average length of stay in a pyschiatric hospital?
67 days
True or False: Canadians with mental health and / or substance abuse problems have a higher homeless rate.
True
Offenders coping with mental illness and / or addiction have increased by how much over the last 20 years?
85%
What are the leading disorders affecting the mental health of Canadians in the workforce?
Depression and anxiety
What was the first national strategy for mental health?
Changing Directions, Changing Lives
What was the Changing Directions, Changing Live strategy aiming to do?
Improve care across the country
Provide the necessary resources and support for mental illness sufferers and their families
Promote mental health and prevention of mental illness
What is e-mental health technology?
Support systems remotely such as counselling
True or False: for the first time, the number of persons aged 65+ exceed the number of children aged 0-14.
True
What does the National Seniors’ Strategy do?
Enables older Canadians to remain independent, productive, and engaged members of our communities
What are the associated concerns with the aging population?
Longer visits being necessary with older people’s provider
Ongoing shortage of gerontologists
Shortage of long-term care
What are the concerns regarding home care?
Home services remaining outside of provincial or territoral health plan coverage
Poor coordination of services
Insufficient human resources
Inconsistent and poor-quality care
What are the five fundamental principles underlying a national seniors strategy?
Access
Equity
Choice
Value
Quality
What are the four pillars supporting a national seniors strategy?
Independent, productive, and engaged citizens
Healthy and active lives
Care closer to home
Support for caregivers
What are the home and continuing care goals most provinces and territories want to achieve?
Increasing the number of funded vists recipients can recieve
Developing a system to recuit and retain human health resources
Developing a strategy to make the best use of existing resources
Advocating for a national “carers” strategy
Advancing the use of technology to improve access and coordination
Improving access to training for providers
What is the fastest growing health care cost?
Prescription drugs
True or False: most Canadians carry private drug insurance.
False. Many Canadians do not carry private drug insurance and face financial hardship when they need medications.
True or False: 1 in 4 households reported a family member who did not take their medicine due to cost.
False. 1 in 5 households reported a family member who did not take their medicine due to cost.
True or False: nearly 3 million Canadians said they were unable to afford one or more of their medications in the past year.
True
How many Canadians said they cut back on food or home heating to afford their medications?
Almost 1 million
Is the federal government entertaining the option of a national pharmacare plan that would include the creation of a central agency to control price and monitor quality of new drugs?
Yes
When did cannabis become legal in Canada?
2018
What are the issues with cannabis?
Use in the workplace
DUI
Use in the armed forces
Growing at home
Possession limit is 30g
Online availability
Edible products needs to be kept from youths
Long-term effects in youth and younger adults
True or False: the population base of First Nations, Inuit, and Metis is younger than the rest of the population of Canada.
True
First Nations, Inuit, and Metis population have a higher incidence of
Injury
Chronic disease
Morbidity rates
Mortality rates
Mental illness
Family violence
Substance abuse
Suicide
Suicide rate is ___ times higher for First Nations youth vs non-Aboriginal youth.
5-6
Suicide rate for Inuit youth is ___ times higher than the Canadian national average.
11
What poses the greatest challenge to Indigenous health care?
Access and universality
What is a staffing problem for Indigenous health care?
Retaining medical and nursing staff
How are health centres trying to support Indigenous health care?
By incorporating traditional healing practices into their programs
Is there a consensus on the best approach for Indigenous health care?
No
Truth and Reconciliation commission says to acknowledge
Current state of Indigenous health is a result of previous Canadian government policies
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission establishes measure goals to identify and
Close gaps in health outcomes
Are medical and nursing studens required to take a course in Indigenous health issues?
Yes
What is Canada Health Infoway?
A service that provides digital solutions for Canada’s health care system with projects that include PrescribeIT and ACCESS Health.
What is PrescribeIT?
A national system of electronic health records
What is ACCESS Health?
A digital solution enhancing patient accessibility to their own health information
The National Electronnic Health Record System initiative will require
Stakeholder commitment and collaboration
Continual financing and support systems
A public that trusts their health info will be secure
Foolproof tracking and security systems
Computer software programs that message each other
A uniform vocabulary of technical language
Defined laws governing the use and exchange of health information
Why is the sustainability of health care in Canada questionable?
Due to soaring costs
How can social media impact the provider/patient relationship?
Reducing it through self-diagnosing and researching information/misinformation
Support groups on social media can
Be part of a treatment plan
What must physicians do when retiring about patient’s records?
Retain and store them in such a manner that patients and other health care providers can access it
How long does the Canadian Medical Protective Association advise physicians keep medical records for?
10 years or 10 years after patient reaches age of majority
Who owns the medical records?
The physician/clinic
Who can consent for minors?
Minor deemed competant
Parent
Guardian
At what age can a person choose to be an organ donor?
16
What is the only province that does not link an individual’s permission to be an organ donor to their health card or driver’s licence?
Saskatchewan
How can minors become organ donors?
By making their wishes known to their parents
Can an organ be bought in Canada?
No
Does Canada have presumed consent legislation for organ donation?
Only in Nova Scotia
