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Bio > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a metapopulation?

A

Spatially separated populations that interact at some level

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2
Q

Sink

A

Persistance of one local population

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3
Q

Sources

A

Nearby sources that can migrate to a sink

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4
Q

Define density, dispersion, demography

A

Density: Number of individuals per unit area (births+ immigration - deaths - migration)
Dispersion: Pattern of spacing of individuals
Demography: Study of vital statistics and how they change over time

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5
Q

Patterns of dispersion

A

Clumped: Patches of population
Uniform: Evenly distributed across area
Random: No pattern

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6
Q

Survivorship (represented by survivorship curve) types

A

Type I: Organisms that live out full reproductive period (mammals)
Type II: Mortality rate constant (rodents)
Type III: High pre reproductive mortality. No parental care (fish)

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7
Q

Reproduction rates for different life strategies is determined by…

A

Number of offspring/reproduction
Reproductive period
Age at beginning of reproductive period

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8
Q

Carrying capacity

A

Maximum population size the environment can support

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9
Q

R-selection

A

Density-independent selection select a for life history traits that maximize reproduction

Exponential growth and sudden crashes, many offspring, small offspring mature rapidly, little parental care, high growth rate

Birth rate/death rate do not change with pop. Density

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10
Q

K-selection

A

Density dependant selection. Selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density

Limited by carrying capacity, slow breeding, little offspring, stable habitats, large offspring mature slowly, intensive parental care, long generation

Birth rates fall and death rates rise with pop. Density

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11
Q

Density dependant population regulation (negative feedback)

A

Competition
Territoriality
Health (pathogens)
Predation
Toxic waste
Intrinsic factors (stress in high density, etc)

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12
Q

Density independent factors on population growth

A

Major environmental disasters
Mortality rates
Fertility rates

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13
Q

Demographic transition model

A

Stage 1: Low overall population, low growthhigh birth/death rate
Stage 2: Birth rate high, death rate low, high growth
Stage 3: Falling birth rate, high death rate, high increase
Stage 4: Death rate and birth rate low, low natural increase, high total population

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14
Q

Types of ecological niches

A

Fundamental: The ressources a species would have access to if no competition
Realized: the ressources they actually have access to

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15
Q

Types of competition

A

Interspecific: between different species
Intraspecific: between same species
Territoriality: Species defend territory/ressources against mostly its own species

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16
Q

Law of competitive exclusion

A

No two species will occupy the same ecological niche for an extended amount of time

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17
Q

Types of community interactions

A

Predation
Parasitism
Competition
Herbivory
Symbiosis

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18
Q

Defensive mechanisms

A

Batesian mimicry: one species looks like a more dangerous species

Mullerian: Two gross species evolve to look like each other

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19
Q

Types of symbiosis

A

Commensalism: one species benefits, other is unaffected

Parasitism: one benefits by taking resources from another

Mutualism: both gain something from the other

20
Q

Basic categories of organisms in a system

A

Producers
Consumers
Decomposers

21
Q

Tropic levels

A

Primary producers
Herbivores
Carnivores

Size increases going up, biomass decreases going up

22
Q

Define the terms…

Autotrophs
Phototrophs
Heterotrophs

A

Producers

Plants

Consumers

23
Q

Define the terms…

Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Top carnivore

A

Herbivore
Carnivore
Eats other carnivores

24
Q

Transfer efficiently

A

Energy provided to next higher trophic level (10% Lindemans rule)

25
Q

Secondary production

A

Generation of biomass of consumers in a system. Represents the quality of new tissue created through the use of assimilated food by heterotrophs

26
Q

Pioneer community
Climax community

A

The first plant species to colonize an area

A stable, mature, long-lasting, complex food web community

27
Q

Primary succession

A

Where no community existed previously, colonized by pioneer species

28
Q

Secondary succession

A

Plants and animals recolonize a habitat after major disturbance

29
Q

Pyramids of production

A

Loss of energy with each transfer of trophic level in a food chain

30
Q

Difference between food chains and food webs

A

Food chain: one line, thing one eats thing two which eats thing three

Food web: complex interactions. Arrows mean “eaten by”

31
Q

Species

A

Group of individuals that share a common gene pool

32
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Total number of genetic characteristics of a species

33
Q

Species diversity types

A

Species richness: total number of species

Relative abundance: population density of each species (proportion)

Species dominance: most dominant species

34
Q

Habitat diversity

A

Different kinds of habitat in given area

35
Q

Elements of stability

A

Response, resistance, resilience (elasticity and amplitude), recovery

36
Q

Biological magnification

A

Toxins become more concentrated throughout each successive trophic level (bioaccumulation - in tissues)

37
Q

Conditions for biological magnification

A

Pollutant must be…
Long lived
Concentrated by producers
Fat soluble and transferred to higher trophic level

38
Q

Bio geochemical cycles

A

Pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem

39
Q

Major & minor reservoirs of the carbon cycle

A

Major: Sedimentary rock (biggest) and deep ocean

Minor: Atmosphere, organic matter and earth, terrestrial vegetation, surface ocean water

Important sinks:Photosynthesis and secondary production

40
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

Greenhouse gases allow sunlight to pass through and warm the surface. Too much greenhouse gases trap heat on the surface

41
Q

Climate change is related to these activities

A

Increased use of fossil fuels
Deforestation
Global warming
Melting icecaps and glaciers
Coral reef bleaching

42
Q

Phenology

A

Timing of annual cycles of plants and animals

Very sensitive to climate change

43
Q

Climate change defects on biological systems

A

Biodiversity
Changing rainfall patterns
Extreme weather events
Ocean acidification

44
Q

Negative feedback for climate change

A

Thermal (infrared) radiation (bigger temp leads to increased IR emission, so planet cools)

Cloud negative feedback: Higher temp means more water vapour, more clouds, more albedo and therefore temp. drops

45
Q

Positive feedback for climate change

A

Water vapour-greenhouse feedback: Temp increases, water evaporates, bigger greenhouse effect, temp increases more

Snow-albedo feedback: Temp increases, snow melts, albedo decreases, less solar energy reflected, temp increases even more

Bio (3 decks)

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