Test 3

Question 1

What is a metapopulation?

Answer 1

Spatially separated populations that interact at some level

Question 2

Sink

Answer 2

Persistance of one local population

Question 3

Sources

Answer 3

Nearby sources that can migrate to a sink

Question 4

Define density, dispersion, demography

Answer 4

Density: Number of individuals per unit area (births+ immigration - deaths - migration)
Dispersion: Pattern of spacing of individuals
Demography: Study of vital statistics and how they change over time

Question 5

Patterns of dispersion

Answer 5

Clumped: Patches of population
Uniform: Evenly distributed across area
Random: No pattern

Question 6

Survivorship (represented by survivorship curve) types

Answer 6

Type I: Organisms that live out full reproductive period (mammals)
Type II: Mortality rate constant (rodents)
Type III: High pre reproductive mortality. No parental care (fish)

Question 7

Reproduction rates for different life strategies is determined by…

Answer 7

Number of offspring/reproduction
Reproductive period
Age at beginning of reproductive period

Question 8

Carrying capacity

Answer 8

Maximum population size the environment can support

Question 9

R-selection

Answer 9

Density-independent selection select a for life history traits that maximize reproduction

Exponential growth and sudden crashes, many offspring, small offspring mature rapidly, little parental care, high growth rate

Birth rate/death rate do not change with pop. Density

Question 10

K-selection

Answer 10

Density dependant selection. Selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density

Limited by carrying capacity, slow breeding, little offspring, stable habitats, large offspring mature slowly, intensive parental care, long generation

Birth rates fall and death rates rise with pop. Density

Question 11

Density dependant population regulation (negative feedback)

Answer 11

Competition
Territoriality
Health (pathogens)
Predation
Toxic waste
Intrinsic factors (stress in high density, etc)

Question 12

Density independent factors on population growth

Answer 12

Major environmental disasters
Mortality rates
Fertility rates

Question 13

Demographic transition model

Answer 13

Stage 1: Low overall population, low growthhigh birth/death rate
Stage 2: Birth rate high, death rate low, high growth
Stage 3: Falling birth rate, high death rate, high increase
Stage 4: Death rate and birth rate low, low natural increase, high total population

Question 14

Types of ecological niches

Answer 14

Fundamental: The ressources a species would have access to if no competition
Realized: the ressources they actually have access to

Question 15

Types of competition

Answer 15

Interspecific: between different species
Intraspecific: between same species
Territoriality: Species defend territory/ressources against mostly its own species

Question 16

Law of competitive exclusion

Answer 16

No two species will occupy the same ecological niche for an extended amount of time

Question 17

Types of community interactions

Answer 17

Predation
Parasitism
Competition
Herbivory
Symbiosis

Question 18

Defensive mechanisms

Answer 18

Batesian mimicry: one species looks like a more dangerous species

Mullerian: Two gross species evolve to look like each other

Question 19

Types of symbiosis

Answer 19

Commensalism: one species benefits, other is unaffected

Parasitism: one benefits by taking resources from another

Mutualism: both gain something from the other

Question 20

Basic categories of organisms in a system

Answer 20

Producers
Consumers
Decomposers

Question 21

Tropic levels

Answer 21

Primary producers
Herbivores
Carnivores

Size increases going up, biomass decreases going up

Question 22

Define the terms…

Autotrophs
Phototrophs
Heterotrophs

Answer 22

Producers

Plants

Consumers

Question 23

Define the terms…

Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Top carnivore

Answer 23

Herbivore
Carnivore
Eats other carnivores

Question 24

Transfer efficiently

Answer 24

Energy provided to next higher trophic level (10% Lindemans rule)

Question 25

Secondary production

Answer 25

Generation of biomass of consumers in a system. Represents the quality of new tissue created through the use of assimilated food by heterotrophs

Question 26

Pioneer community Climax community

Answer 26

The first plant species to colonize an area A stable, mature, long-lasting, complex food web community

Question 27

Primary succession

Answer 27

Where no community existed previously, colonized by pioneer species

Question 28

Secondary succession

Answer 28

Plants and animals recolonize a habitat after major disturbance

Question 29

Pyramids of production

Answer 29

Loss of energy with each transfer of trophic level in a food chain

Question 30

Difference between food chains and food webs

Answer 30

Food chain: one line, thing one eats thing two which eats thing three Food web: complex interactions. Arrows mean “eaten by”

Question 31

Species

Answer 31

Group of individuals that share a common gene pool

Question 32

Genetic diversity

Answer 32

Total number of genetic characteristics of a species

Question 33

Species diversity types

Answer 33

Species richness: total number of species Relative abundance: population density of each species (proportion) Species dominance: most dominant species

Question 34

Habitat diversity

Answer 34

Different kinds of habitat in given area

Question 35

Elements of stability

Answer 35

Response, resistance, resilience (elasticity and amplitude), recovery

Question 36

Biological magnification

Answer 36

Toxins become more concentrated throughout each successive trophic level (bioaccumulation - in tissues)

Question 37

Conditions for biological magnification

Answer 37

Pollutant must be… Long lived Concentrated by producers Fat soluble and transferred to higher trophic level

Question 38

Bio geochemical cycles

Answer 38

Pathway by which a chemical element or molecule moves through biotic and abiotic parts of an ecosystem

Question 39

Major & minor reservoirs of the carbon cycle

Answer 39

Major: Sedimentary rock (biggest) and deep ocean Minor: Atmosphere, organic matter and earth, terrestrial vegetation, surface ocean water Important sinks:Photosynthesis and secondary production

Question 40

Greenhouse effect

Answer 40

Greenhouse gases allow sunlight to pass through and warm the surface. Too much greenhouse gases trap heat on the surface

Question 41

Climate change is related to these activities

Answer 41

Increased use of fossil fuels Deforestation Global warming Melting icecaps and glaciers Coral reef bleaching

Question 42

Phenology

Answer 42

Timing of annual cycles of plants and animals Very sensitive to climate change

Question 43

Climate change defects on biological systems

Answer 43

Biodiversity Changing rainfall patterns Extreme weather events Ocean acidification

Question 44

Negative feedback for climate change

Answer 44

Thermal (infrared) radiation (bigger temp leads to increased IR emission, so planet cools) Cloud negative feedback: Higher temp means more water vapour, more clouds, more albedo and therefore temp. drops

Question 45

Positive feedback for climate change

Answer 45

Water vapour-greenhouse feedback: Temp increases, water evaporates, bigger greenhouse effect, temp increases more Snow-albedo feedback: Temp increases, snow melts, albedo decreases, less solar energy reflected, temp increases even more