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Bio > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Helicase

A

Enzyme responsible for unzipping DNA before replication

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2
Q

Replication fork

A

Place where DNA double helix separates

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3
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

Enzyme that adds nucleotides during DNA replication

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4
Q

Purine bases

A

A & G

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5
Q

Pyramidine bases

A

C & T

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6
Q

Ribosome

A

Place where protein synthesis happens

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7
Q

tRNA

A

In between mRNA and amino acids

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8
Q

Transcription

A

Creation of mRNA based off of DNA sequence

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9
Q

Translation

A

Construction of new polypeptide based off of mRNA

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10
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Enzyme that performs transcription

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11
Q

Terminator

A

Ends transcription of a gene

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12
Q

Intron

A

Part that gets removed from sequence

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13
Q

Exon

A

Part that gets expressed

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14
Q

Codon

A

Group of three nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid

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15
Q

DNA replication happens in which direction?

A

5’ to 3’

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16
Q

Semi conservative

A

Keep parent + add extra strand

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17
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Proofreader

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18
Q

3 stages of transcription and description

A

Initiation (polymerase binds to primer, unwinds, rna synthesis begins)

Elongation (polymerase moves downstream, makes nucleotides, helix reforms)

Termination (RNA transcript released, polymerase detaches)

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19
Q

4 types of mutation

A

Silent (mutation, but codes for same thing so no effect)

Missense (amino acid sequence codes for different protein, problems happen)

Frameshift (deletion of one amino acid, sets the rest of wrong sequence)

Nonsense (stop codon for no reason)

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20
Q

Pleiotropy

A

One gene has multiple effects (ex. Albinism)

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21
Q

Ratio of taking two hybrids (heterozygous) individuals and breeding them

A

3:1

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22
Q

Law of Segregation

A

Two alleles for a heritable character separate and end up in different gametes

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23
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

Crossing one individual with the dominant allele for both traits with another individual who is recessive for both traits

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24
Q

Dihybrid cross ratio

A

9:3:3:1

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25
Q

Complete dominance

A

Heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical (I.e. only one trait presents itself)

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26
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Hybrids have a trait that is a mix of the two parents traits (ex. Pink snapdragons)

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27
Q

Codominance

A

Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in different ways (ex. AB genotype, or blood type in humans)

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28
Q

Epistasis

A

A gene at one locus influences he expression of another gene at another locus
(Ex. Labrador coats)

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29
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

Multiple genes affect one phenotype

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30
Q

Sex linked genes are expressed more often in…

A

Males (only need to inherit one X-related or Y-related trait to express it)

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31
Q

Gradualism

A

Large changes are a result of many small changes over a large period of time

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32
Q

What is a non evolving population?

A

Phenotype and genotype frequencies remain constant

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33
Q

Conditions for a non evolving population

A
  1. Very large population size
  2. No migrations
  3. No mutations
  4. Random mating
  5. No natural selection
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34
Q

Fossils are found in what type of rock

A

Sedimentary

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35
Q

Lamarck’ theory of evolution?

A

Species evolve through use and disuse and inheritance of acquired traits

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36
Q

Darwinism

A

Origin of biological diversity is evolution
Natural selection is the mechanism for evolution

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37
Q

Malthusian population theory

A

Human populations grow more rapidly than ressources, until famines and wars bring the population down. (Point of crisis)

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38
Q

Artificial selection

A

Humans pick and choose which individuals get to breed

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39
Q

Homologous structures

A

Structures that resemble each other as a result of a common ancestor

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40
Q

Analogous structures

A

Structures that look similar to each other, but are a result of similar environments , not because of a common ancestor

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41
Q

Four factors that can influence allele frequencies

A

Genetic drift
Mutation
Gene flow
Natural selection

42
Q

Genetic drift

A

Changes in gene frequencies that occur because of chance effects

43
Q

Founder effect

A

Only a small sample of a large population can breed, so gene pool is smaller as a result

44
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

When gene pool becomes smaller as a result of catastrophes

45
Q

Gene flow

A

Migrations between populations

46
Q

Quantitative characters

A

Traits that vary along a continuum (ex. Skin color)

47
Q

Discrete characters

A

Limited options of traits (ex. Either black or white wings, not both, not grey)

48
Q

Polymorphism

A

Two or more discrete characters in a population

49
Q

Gene diversity

A

Percent of heterozygous loci

50
Q

Nucleotides diversity

A

Level of difference in nucleotide sequences

51
Q

Allopatric variation

A

Gene frequencies between different populations as a result of different environments

52
Q

Sympatric variations

A

Gene differences within a population because of patchy environments

53
Q

Clines

A

Geographic variation along a geographic axis (flower height on a mountain getting lower as you go higher)

54
Q

New alleles originate only by

A

Mutation

55
Q

Balanced polymorphism

A

Maintains genetic diversity in a population via natural selection (ex. Heterozygote advantage)

56
Q

Frequency dependent selection

A

Reproductive success of one morph decreases as morph becomes more common in a popualtion

57
Q

Evolutionary fitness

A

Relative contribution one individual makes to the next gen’s gene pool

58
Q

Darwinian fitness

A

Contribution of one individuals genes to the next generation relative to other individuals

59
Q

Types of natural selection

A

Directional, diversifying, stabilizing

60
Q

Directional selection

A

Frequency curve of a phenotypic character in one direction (favouring what had once been rare)

61
Q

Diversifying selection

A

Environmental conditionals favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range (can lead to balanced polymorphism)

62
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favours intermediate variants against extreme phenotypes

63
Q

Intersexual selection

A

One sex is choosy about traits of another sex (ex. Peacocks)

64
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Competition among individuals of one sex for mates of the other sex

65
Q

Why can natural selection not have perfect organisms?

A

Evolution is limited by historical constraints
Adaptations are compromises
Not all evolution is adaptive
Selection can only edit existing variations

66
Q

Pre-mating sympatric species isolation barriers

A

Habitat isolation
Behavioural isolation
Temporal isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gametic isolation

67
Q

Post mating sympatric species isolation barriers

A

Reduced hybrid viability
Reduced hybrid fertility
Hybrid breakdown

68
Q

How did life start?

A
  1. Abiotic synthesis of organic compounds
  2. Joining of molecules into polymers
  3. Packaging of probionts
  4. Self replication
69
Q

Instead of forming in the atmosphere, life started…

A

Near submerged volcanoes and deep-sea vents
Or
Extraterrestrial sources

70
Q

Probiont

A

Aggregate of abiotically priced organic molecules surrounded by a membrane-like structure (like a proto-cell)

71
Q

Progenotes

A

First primordial organisms

72
Q

First genetic material was..

A

RNA

73
Q

Geologic record divided into three stages

A

Archean
Proterozoic
Phanerozoic

74
Q

Mass extinctions

A

Permian
Cretaceous

75
Q

Most of the major animal phyla appear in the…

A

Paleozoic era

76
Q

Dinosaurs roamed in the…

A

Mesozoic era

77
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

Evolution of diverse,h adapted species from a common ancestor upon introduction to new environments

78
Q

Theory of endosymbiosis

A

Mitochondria and plastids were formerly prokaryotes living within larger host cells

79
Q

Colonial connections

A

First multicellular organisms were collections of autonomously replicating cells

80
Q

Characteristics of animals

A

Heterotroph
Multicellular
Glycogen
Movement
Sexual reproduction
Embryonic development

81
Q

Three tissue layers

A

Ectoderm (outer layer - becomes skin and neural system
Endoderm (inner layer, becomes digestive tract)
Mesoderm (intermediate layer, becomes muscles and skeleton)

82
Q

I have a body cavity

A

Annelida

83
Q

Protostome vs deuterostome

A

Protostome : mouth first
Deuterostome : Ass first

84
Q

Metameres

A

Repeating units that form the animal body

85
Q

Porous body, no true tissues

A

Porifera

86
Q

Diploblastic, radial body plan with no cephalization or segmentation

A

Cnidaria

87
Q

Triploblastic acoelmates with no segmentation or vascular system

A

Playhelminthe

88
Q

Triploblastic pseudocoelmates with no segmentation but have a vascular system

A

Nematoda

89
Q

Muscular foot, a visceral mass, no segmentation, and a mantle.

A

Mollusca (includes octopi)

90
Q

Segmented coelomate worms which have bodies composed of a series of fused rings

A

Annelida

91
Q

Segmented coelomates that have an exoskeleton and jointed appendages

A

Arthropods

92
Q

4 Arthropod subphyla

A

Chelicerata (arachnids - scorpions, spiders, etc.)
Myriapoda (Chilopoda/Diplopoda) - Centipedes (1) and millipedes (2)
Hexapoda (Insecta)
Crustacea (Crabby bois)

93
Q

Criteria for a chordate

A

Notocord
Pharyngeal slits
Hollow dorsal nerve cord
Post anal tail

94
Q

The two weird chordates

A

Tunicates (Urochordata)
Lancelets (Cephalochordata)

95
Q

Chordates that have a head
Vertebrates that have jaws

A

Craniates
Gnathostomes (jaws evolved from gill slits - skeletal rods)

96
Q

Jawless fish

A

Petromyzontida

97
Q

Armored vertebrates

A

Placoderm

98
Q

Sharks and rays belong to…

A

Chondrichthyans

99
Q

Bony fish (ray-finned)

A

Actinopterygii

100
Q

Bony fish (lobe-finned)

A

Sarcopterygii

101
Q

What makes a mammal a mammal?

A

Hair
Mammary glands
Large brain
Heterodonts

Bio (3 decks)

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