Test 3 Flashcards
E1 elimination
E2 elimination
Competition between Sn1 and E1
a good nucleophile with relatively low basility favors the SN1 reaction and a poor nucleophile favors the E1 reaction
Substitution
Addition
Dehydrohalogenation of akyl halides
cyclopropanation
elimination
epoxidation
Halogenation
Halohydrin formation
HX addition
Hydration
Hydrogenation
Hydroxylation
oxidative cleavage
Hydrogenation of alkanes
Primary alcohol
Secondary alcohol
Tertiary alcohol
Phenol
Which category do these belong to? (alcohols and phenols)
Phenols
Which category do these belong to? (alcohols and phenols)
Primary alcohols
Which category do these belong to? (alcohols and phenols)
Secondary alcohols
Which category do these belong to? (alcohols and phenols)
Tertiary alcohols
CH3 OH
CH3 CH2 OH
CH2 OH CH2 OH
Methanol
Ethanol
Ethylene glycol
Alcohol forming alkoxide ion
Phenol forming alkoxide ion
dehydration of alcohol
Reduction of an alkene (hydrogenation)
Reduction of a ketone/aldehyde to an alcohol
Oxidation of an aldehyde to a carboxylic acid
Reduction of a carboxylic acid to an alcohol
oxidation of alcohol to a ketone
R- and Ar- for?
R- alkyl group
Ar- aryl group (aromatic ring)
Ketone, ends in -CO
Aldehyde, ends in -CHO
base-catalyzed keto-enol tautomerism
acid-catalyzed keto-enol tautomerism
disulfide reduced to a thiol
thiol oxidized to disulfide
Aldol reaction
Imine schiff base creation
Addition of nucleophile to carbonyl groups
Formation of acetals, in the case of the ketone -> common name = ketal
HCO2H
CH3 CO2 H
CH3 CH2 CO2 H
CH3 CH2 CH2 CO2 H
Carboxylic acids
Common: - IUPAC:
Formic acid - methanoic acid
Acetic acid - ethanoic acid
propionic acid - propanoic acid
butyric acid - butanoic acid
HOOC - COOH
HOOC - CH2 - COOH
HOOC - CH2 - CH2 - COOH
HOOC - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - COOH
HOOC - CH = CH - COOH (cis)
HOOC - CH = CH - COOH (trans)
dicarboxylic acids
oxalic
malonic
succinic
glutaric
maleic
fumaric
Acyl groups
Formyl
acetyl
propionyl
Nucleophilic acyl substitution
esterification
Hydroxyl-carboxylic acids
- Lactic acid
- tartaric acid
- citric acid
b-lactam ring
what are all these?
Lactones
which one is the most oxidized and which one is the most reduced?
HCHO
CH3 CHO
CH3 CH2 CHO
CH3 CO CH3
H3C CH2 CO CH3
H3C CH2 C=O CH2 CH3
Common - IUPAC
Formaldehyde - Methanal
Acetaldehyde - Ethanal
Propionaldehyde - Propanal
Acetone - Propanone
Ethyl methyl ketone - butanone
Diethyl ketone - pentan-2-one