Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an atom?

A

the smallest particle of an element.

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2
Q

How are the atomic numbers structured?

A
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3
Q

How to calculate with atomic amu? example 6 protons and 6 neutrons.

A
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4
Q

The principal quantum number (n)

A
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5
Q

Azimuthal quantum number (l)

A

value of l: 0 1 2 3 4 …..
letter designation: s p d f g …..

n=1 → 1s
n=2 → 2s 2p
n=3 → 3s 3p 3d
n=4 → 4s 4p 4d 4f

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6
Q

Magnetic quantum number (m)

A

Values from 1- to +1

S orbital m = 0 => 1 orientation

P orbital m = -1, 0, +1 => 3 orientations

D orbital m = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 => 5 orientations

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7
Q

Noble gases

A

None of them react, noble gas is stable
All have filled valence energy (8 valence electrons) except He that has only 2

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8
Q

Chemical bonds

A

Atoms ionize and transfer electrons (ionic bonds) or share electrons (covalent bonds) in order to reach Noble Gas electron configuration. (octet rule)

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9
Q

When do covalent bonds form?

A

when two atoms share valence electrons.

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10
Q

When do polar covalent bonds form?

A

when two atoms share valence electrons
unequally.

One end of the bond has a fractional negative charge and the other a positive charge

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11
Q

When do ionic bonds form?

A

when one atom donates or transfers valence electrons to
another atom.

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12
Q

What is electronegativity?

A

the tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself.

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13
Q

Molecular orbitals(MO)

A

mathematical function describing the wave-like behavior of an electron in a molecule.

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14
Q

σ MO and σ* MO

A

Sigma bond, strongest type of covalent bond

electrons spend most of
their time in the region directly between the two nuclei.

and

electrons spend
most of their time away from the region between the two
nuclei.

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15
Q

π MO

A

Pi bonds

are formed by side-ways (lateral) overlapping
between p atomic orbitals

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16
Q

Structure of methane

A

CH4, sp3, σ bonds

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17
Q

Structure of ethane

A

C2H6, two overlapping sp3, σ bonds

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18
Q

Structure of ethene

A

C2H4, three sp2, σ bonds

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19
Q

Structure of ethyne

A

C2H2, two sp, σ bonds

20
Q

Cis and trans isomers

21
Q

Hydrocarbon classifications

A

Alkanes -> single bond -> -ane

Alkenes -> double bond -> -ene

Alkynes -> triple bond -> -yne

Aromatics -> rings

22
Q

Classification of carbon atoms in alkanes

A

Primary carbon - one carbon neighbor

Secondary carbon - two carbon neighbors

tertiary carbon - three carbon neighbors

quaternary carbon - four carbon neighbors

23
Q

What are Van der Waals forces?

A

intermolecular forces, such as the covalent bonds that hold atoms
together in molecules

hold molecules together in a liquid or solid

weaker than covalent bonds

24
Q

(Van der Waals) Dipole - dipole interaction

A

Molecules arrange themselves with positive and negative ends towards each other. (attraction) because they move freely in a liquid they experience both attraction and repulsion interactions simultaneously.

25
(Van der Waals) London dispersion forces
Temporary fluctuations in the electron distributions within atoms and nonpolar molecules could result in the formation of short-lived instantaneous dipole moments, which produce attractive forces between otherwise nonpolar substances.
26
(Van der Waals) Hydrogen bond
A hydrogen bond is an attraction between two atoms that already participate in other chemical bonds. One of the atoms is hydrogen, while the other may be any electronegative atom, such as oxygen, chlorine, or fluorine.
27
Halogenation of alkanes
Ex. CH3CH2Cl - chloroethane (ethyl chloride)
28
Stability of the free radicals (alkanes) and same case for carbocations (just add positive charge to carbon)
3* > 2* > 1* > methyl
29
alkane halogenation - radical chain reaction
30
Cycloalkanes general formula
Get the prefix cyclo- before the names CnH2(n+1-g) n = number of C atoms g = number of rings in the molecule
31
Cyclohexane non-planar conformations
chair (most stable) boat twist boat half chair
32
What is benzene?
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6 (think of satan) Flat ring of sp2 It has six π electrons
33
Benzene - electrophilic aromatic substitution
34
Benzene derivatives
1,2-dichlorobenzene 1,3-dichlorobenzene 1,4-dichlorobenzene
35
what are Stereoisomers?
have their atoms connected in the same sequence, but they differ in the arrangement of their atoms in the space.
36
When is an object chiral?
an object is chiral when its mirror image is different from the original object. (left and right hand)
37
What are enantiomers?
Molecules with the same mirror image
38
What are diastereomers?
Molecules that are not mirror images of each other. (cis-trans, conformers)
39
chirality center
Guarantees the molecule is chiral - has four different groups attached
40
R or S enantiomer?
41
Lewis acid
accepts an electron pair (an electrophile) and has vacant orbitals.
42
Lewis base
donates an electron pair (a nucleophile) and has lone-pair electrons.
43
nucleophile
a species with an unshared electron pair, reacts with an alkyl halide by replacing the halogen substituent.
44
Nucleophilic substitution reaction
45
SN2 reaction
46
SN1 reaction