Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GEOG > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Which of the following is an endogenic process?

A

Volcanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

A

Radioactive decay heat exigencies energy source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which of the following is an exogenic process?

A

Weathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the following plays a role in the shaping of earth’s surface?

A

All of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which of the following lists the correct sequence of divisions in the geologic time scale, from largest to smallest

A

Eon, era, period, epoch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

There are two types of time

A

Absolute and relative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

When geologists or archaeologists dig downward into a unit of rock or sediment, they are digging “back in time”. This fact is based on the principle of _____

A

Superposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which of the following is not an example of an age relationship based on absolute dating?

A

The coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the kaibab formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Radioactivity dating only can be used to measure relative time

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The decay rate is expressed as _____, the time required for one half of the unstable atoms in a sample to decay into “daughter” isotopes

A

Half life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Uniformitarianism assumes that ten same physical processes we see today are a key to understand the processes that have been operating throughout the geologic time

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Knowledge of earths interior is derived from

A

Indirect evidence involving the analysis of seismic waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Earth was once in a molten state, during which materials became sorted based on density

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the earth, from the surface to the center?

A

Crust, atmosphere, lower mantle, core

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Since the core’s mass is about one third of earths entire mass, the volume of the core is also of one third of the earths entire volume

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The fluid outer core generates 90% of earths magnetic field

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which of the following statements about earths core is not true

A

The inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Earths magnetic field

A

Is variable, and it has phased to zero some nine time during the past 4 million years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which of the following gives the correct sequence of layers in the mantle, from bottom to top

A

Mantle, asthenosphere, upper mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The asthenosphere can be described as

A

Plastic like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which of the following is true of the asthenosphere?

A

All of the above is true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The density of material below the Moho is less than that above it

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The Moho mirrors the surface topography, I.e., high places on the surface of the earth overlies ares in which the Moho descends to greater depths, and vice versa

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The oceanic crust is less dense than the continental crust

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which layer of planet forms 80% of earths total volume, and has an average density of 4.5g/cm3

A

Mantle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The oceanic crust thickness is about ____ km

A

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The average continental crust thickness is ____km

A

30

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The principles of buoyancy and balance, when applied to earths crust, helps us to explain fluctuations unearths outer crust, a property known as

A

Isostatic adjustment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The transportation and deposition of materials by media powered by solar energy is the

A

Hydrologic cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Heat energy and new materials are brought to the surface from the interior by the

A

Tectonic cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The two most abundant chemical elements in earths crust are

A

Oxygen and silica

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In 1912, German geophysicist and meteorologist; Alfred we genre first proposed the _____ hypothesis about the earths landmass migration

A

Continental drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Which of the following are located along the mid ocean ridge

A

Volcanoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

At which of the following locations does subduction occur

A

Along collision zones between continental and Oceanus plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Oceans floor subducts under continents because the ocean floor is denser than continental material

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Several large, linear lakes are formed in east Africa. This is evidence of what process?

A

Rifting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Divergent plate boundaries are characteristics of

A

Sea floor spreading centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Depth of earthquake focus increases with increasing distance form ocean trench

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The magnetic strips found around mid Atlantic ridge were due to the magnetic reversal

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The Hawaiian islands were formed as a result of a rising plume of magma from the mantle

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Convergent plates boundaries are characteristics of

A

Collision zones between plates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The age of sea floor increases with increasing distance from a mid ocean ridge

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as

A

Relief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

The most detailed order of relief applies to _______ order relief features

A

Third

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which of the following is an example of a first order relief?

A

An ocean basin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Approximately what % of Earth’s surface is exposed above sea level?

A

29%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The mean sea level is at 0m

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Hypsographic Curve is a graph that shows the Earth’s surface by area and elevation in relation to sea level

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

The combination effects of _______ and _______ create Earth’s continental crust.

A

Tectonic activity, Weathering & Erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

powered by internal energy

A

tectanic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

powered by the sun through motion of air, water and ice

A

weathering & erosion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Compared to oceanic crust, continental crust is

A

Generally more complex on content and structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

A _____, or heartland region, an old and stable part of the continental crust.

A

craton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

A _______ is a region where a craton is exposed at the surface.

A

continental shield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

If you were paranoid of earthquakes, which of the following areas would be the safest to live?

A

Shield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Earth’s four continental shields

A

Canadian, African, baltic, Indian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Rocks are subjected to stress due to ____

A

all of the above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

List three types of stress:

A

Tension, Compression, Shear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

A

Shearing – Stretching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crest form

A

An anticline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

A residual “synclinal ridge” may form within a trough of a fold

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

When rock strata are strained beyond their ability to remain an intact unit, displacement occurs in a process known as

A

Faulting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Normal faults are associated with

A

Tension forces

64
Q

The San Andreas system in California is an example of a

A

all of these are correct

65
Q

People often say that California is going to “fall into the ocean”. This idea is totally wrong because the San Andreas fault would have to be a _____ fault associated with _____ for this to happen.

A

Normal; Tension

66
Q

Orogeny means mountain generating

A

TRUE

67
Q

Tree types of orogenesis

A

Oceanic-Continental; Oceanic-Oceanic; Continental Plate-Continental

68
Q

Which of the following is true of the earthquake in the Liaoning Province of NE China on February 4, 1975.

A

The quake was successfully forecasted and 3 million people were evacuated.

69
Q

The motion of seismic waves is initiated in subsurface area along the fault plane called the

A

Focus, or hypocenter

70
Q

The area at the surface directly above the subsurface location where seismic waves are initiated is termed the

A

Epicenter

71
Q

The most active tectonic regions of North and South America are on the

A

Western coasts

72
Q

An instrument used to record vibrations in the crust is the

A

Seismograph

73
Q

Two types of scale used to rate earthquakes are

A

Richter Scale; Moment Magnitude Scale

74
Q

The moment magnitude scale is based on energy released and is less accurate than Richter’s Scale which is based on the amplitude of seismic waves.

A

FALSE

75
Q

Volcanic activity located away from plate boundaries is associated with

A

Hot spots

76
Q

Four volcanic activity zones

A

Continental Rift Valley; Oceanic-Continental Plate Convergence Zone; Hot-Spot Volcano; Oceanic/Oceanic Plate Convergence Zone

77
Q

Science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form and spatial distribution of landforms is

A

Geomorphology

78
Q

All processes that cause reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term of

A

Denudation

79
Q

The form that a landscape exhibits results from a balance between

A

all of the above

80
Q

The dynamic equilibrium model refers to

A

A balancing act between tectonic uplift and rates of denudation by weathering and erosion in a given landscape

81
Q

In reality, a landscape behaves as a(n) _____ system

A

Open

82
Q

Uplift of the landscape creates _____ energy which is converted to _____ energy when materials begin to move downslope.

A

Potential; Kinetic

83
Q

After a threshold is crossed, the landscape

A

Adjusts to a new equilibrium condition

84
Q

_____ threshold is the point at which there is enough energy to overcome resistance against movements.

A

Geomorphic

85
Q

Movement at the geomorphic threshold signals

A

A conversion of potential energy to kinetic energy

86
Q

a slope is stable if its strength exceeds the weathering and erosion process

A

TRUE

87
Q

On which part of a slope would rocks tend to fall at the highest speed?

A

free face

88
Q

The disintegration and dissolving of surface and subsurface rock is called

A

Weathering

89
Q

Which of the following is true of joints

A

only B and C are true

90
Q

Physical weathering dominates in warm and wet climates

A

FALSE

91
Q

Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of

A

Higher mean annual rainfall and temperature

92
Q

In which climates would rock be weathered to the greatest depth?

A

Hot and wet

93
Q

The rate at which rocks weather depends on

A

all of the above

94
Q

Other than the rock itself, the most important chemical substance needed for the majority of weathering processes is

A

Water

95
Q

In most areas, the upper surface of bedrock is partially weathered to broken-up rock called

A

Regolith

96
Q

When rock is broken and disintegrated without dissolving, the process in operation is

A

Physical weathering

97
Q

List three forms of physical weathering

A

Frost Action; Salt-Crystal Growth; Pressure-Release Jointing

98
Q

The pressure-release jointing is a ______ weathering process that does not involve water.

A

Physical

99
Q

The salt crystal growth is primarily found in _____ environments

A

Arid

100
Q

Exfoliation occurs because

A

Overlaying rock is removed, thereby allowing the underlying rock mass to expand and fracture

101
Q

Which of the following is true of spheroidal weathering

A

It attacks the corners and edges of rocks

102
Q

An example of chemical weathering is

A

Karst topography

103
Q

The steepness of a slope made of loose material is called the

A

Angle of repose

104
Q

The angle of repose depends on the size and texture of the grains

A

TRUE

105
Q

Landslides occur when

A

all of the above

106
Q

List two forms of landslides

A

Translational and Rotational

107
Q

A landslide differs from a debris avalanche in that

A

A landslide moves more slowly than a debris avalanche

108
Q

A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called

A

Soil creep

109
Q

Which of the following can lead to hillslope failure?

A

all of the above

110
Q

Human-induced mass movements produce a category of processes known as

A

Scarification

111
Q

The two driving forces of fluvial systems are

A

Gravity and Insolation

112
Q

Of the world’s largest rivers, which has the greatest discharge?

A

Amazon River

113
Q

Watersheds are defined by

A

Drainage divides

114
Q

Drainage density refers to

A

Ratio of the total length of channels to the area of the basin

115
Q

Most streams flow into ocean

A

TRUE

116
Q

Some streams do not reach the ocean. Water leaves the basin through evaporation or subsurface gravitational flow. Such basins are called ______ basins

A

Internal drainage

117
Q

______ separate drainage basins and send flows to the Pacific, the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantics, Hudson Bay, or the Arctic Ocean.

A

Continental Divides

118
Q

A watershed is a(n) open system

A

TRUE

119
Q

Stream discharge is calculated by multiplying the velocity of the stream by its width and depth for a specific cross section of the channel.

A

TRUE

120
Q

As the discharge of a stream increases, which of the following also happens?

A

Width, depth, and velocity all increase.

121
Q

Which of the following unit is a correct unit for stream discharge?

A

m^3/s

122
Q

cfs is a unity of stream discharge and stands for cubic feet per second

A

TRUE

123
Q

The relationship between stage and stream discharge is called ______ curve

A

stage-discharge rating

124
Q

A graph of stream discharge over time for a specific place is called ______

A

Hydrograph

125
Q

The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to

A

Decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge.

126
Q

Although the Nile River is the longest river on Earth, it is not the largest river in terms of discharge

A

TRUE

127
Q

Some streams may originate in a humid region and subsequently flow through an arid region. Thus, the discharge may decrease with distance, because of high potential evapotranspiration. Such streams are called _____ streams.

A

Exotic

128
Q

The length of the individual channels in a dendritic drainage pattern is _____ and this increases energy _____

A

Minimized; Efficiency

129
Q

Rectangular drainage patterns form primarily as a result of _____

A

Flow through faulted landscape

130
Q

Which of the following stream channel types is likely to develop on gently sloping surfaces composed of rocks or sediments with approximately the same resistance to erosion?

A

Dendritic

131
Q

The valley and ridge province is characterized by which drainage pattern?

A

Trellis

132
Q

Which drainage pattern is produced by folded topography?

A

Trellis

133
Q

Steep slopes and some relief generally produce which drainage pattern?

A

Parallel

134
Q

A central peak, such as volcanic mountain, generally produces a ______ drainage pattern.

A

Radial

135
Q

The glacial shield regions of Canada have disrupted surface drainage patterns that are called ____ patterns

A

Deranged

136
Q

Stream transport involves all of the following except

A

Sheet flow

137
Q

The suspended load of a stream consists of particles that are

A

Held aloft in the stream flow

138
Q

As a stream velocity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last?

A

Clay

139
Q

Braided streams are characterized by

A

Sediment deposition in the channel resulting in the formation of sand and gravel bars and numerous small channels/a heavy load in relation to discharge

140
Q

A cutoff on a meandering stream results in the formation of

A

An oxbow lake

141
Q

Which of the following is true of the longitudinal profile of most rivers

A

It is concave in shape

142
Q

An interruption in a stream’s longitudinal profile of equilibrium is called _____

A

Nickpoint

143
Q

Which of the following will favor stream terrace formation?

A

Tectonic uplift of the headwaters

144
Q

Which of the following does not favor delta formation?

A

Strong ocean currents

145
Q

Since the Amazon River is the largest river in terms of discharge, it also produce(s) a large delta at its mouth.

A

FALSE

146
Q

The youngest epoch in the geologic time scale is

A

holocene

147
Q

The earth’s dominant materials are

A

iron and silica

148
Q

the geologic cycle is composed of three subsystems:

A

hydrolic, rock, tectonic

149
Q

the 3 basic rock types are

A

igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

150
Q

fire-formed, molten rock

A

igneous

151
Q

rock from settling out

A

sedimentary

152
Q

rock transformed from any other rock through extreme heat or pressure

A

metamorphic

153
Q

Wegener used _____ to name a supercontinent approx 225 million years ago

A

pangaea

154
Q

List four evidences Wegener used to prove his hypothesis

A

costal lines, fossils, rock types, ancient climates

155
Q

list three types of plate boundaries

A

divergent, convergent, transform

GEOG (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions