Test 3 Flashcards
How much ATP does oxidative phosphorylation generate
30-34
How many ATP does the citrix acid cycle generate
2 ATP
How many ATP does glycolysis produce?
2 ATP
Define photophosphorylation
Sythesis of ATP light being the ultimate energy source
The two independent, light capturing complexes of proteins and pigments, called photosystems I and II, are found in the_____ membrane of the chloroplast.
Thylakoid
What is the function of chlorophyll during photosynthesis?
absorbs light energy
Why is light considered a form of electromagnetic radiation?
it consists of both electric and magnetic energy
What three things may happen to light when it strikes an object?
It may pass through the object.
It may change direction.
It may be absorbed.
What is a photon?
A particle of light
Light is a type of ______ radiation because it consists of energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic
What molecule is used as an electron carrier during photosynthesis?
NADPH
where do light reactions take place? what do they do?
thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
The light reactions convert light energy into chemical energy stored in covalent bonds
Where does the Calvin cycle take place? what does it do?
stroma of the chloroplast
the calvin cycle uses the energy to synthesize carbohydrates
Define photoautotroph
organisms that synthesize organic molecules using light as a source of energy.
ex: plants, algae, bacteria
Define autotroph
Organisms that produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules
What is the equation for photosythesis?
What is oxidated/reduced?
CO2 + 2H2O + light energy → CH2O + O2 + H2O
water is oxidated
CO2 is reduced
What are the two stages of photosynthesis and what do they do?
stage 1: light reaction
stage 2: calvin cycle
Define Photosynthesis:
The process in which the energy from light is captured and used to synthesize glucose
How does ATP synthase work?
ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP molecules
describe the electron transport chain
electrons pass through a series of REDOX reactions releasing energy. the released energy forms a proton gradient, which is used by ATP synthase to make a large amount of ATP.
describe the structure of mitochondria
double membrane system- the inner folds are called cristae, the fluid inside is called the mitochondrial matrix
what is the fourth step of cellular respiration? where does it happen?
electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
all NADH and FADH2 is brought in with oxygen, water and ATP are produced. this process happens in the cristae (inner membrane of the mitochondria)
what is the third step of cellular respiration? where does it happen?
the citric acid cycle produce some ATP, carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2. it occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
aerobic process
what is the second step of cellular respiration? where does it happen?
pyruvate is oxidated and converted into acetyl CoA. this process takes place in the mitochondrial matrix (fluid inside mitochondria)
what is the first step of cellular respiration? where does it happen?
glycolysis breaks down a 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules. this process happens in the cytoplasm
What is the equasion for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
what is cellular respiration?
glucose is oxidated to CO₂ in the presence of oxygen, and ATP is synthesized
what are e- carriers in cellular respiration?
what are two examples of e- carriers?
molecules that can either oxidate or reduce in cellular respiration
FAD & FADH₂
NAD+ & NADH + H+
what is regulation in feedback inhibition?
cells have the ability to increase/decrease the rate of metabolic pathway
If we have the enzymes A → B → C → D, what would happen if enzyme A was deactivated
concentration goes down for enzymes B, C, D
concentration of A goes ↑
What type of motion is coupled to the synthesis of ATP by the enzyme ATP synthase?
Spinning
What is the proton motive force?
the gradient of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
What reactants are required for the citric acid cycle?
NAD+
FAD
GDP2-
Acetyl-CoA
Aerobic
Process that requires oxygen
Anaerobic
Process that does not require oxygen
What are the products of the chemical reaction that breaks down pyruvate?
CO2
Acetyl-CoA
NADH
What does each cycle of the citric acid cycle produce?
3 NADH and 1 FADH2
What are the products from glycolysis?
2 ATP molecules
2 NADH
Describe Glycolysis
involves the breakdown of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvates
can take place without oxygen (anerobic)
what happens during the cleavage phase of glycolysis?
a six-carbon molecule is converted to two three carbon pyruvate molecules
What is the Energy investment phase of glycolysis?
2 ATP are used to provide the activation energy to break a molecule of glucose down
What four pathways are involved in the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water?
Oxidative phosphorylation
Citric acid cycle
Breakdown of pyruvate
Glycolysis
What is a redox reaction?
When an atom or molecule is oxidized, the electron that is removed is transferred to another atom or molecule, which is thereby reduced
What is feedback inhibition?
the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway
what is a metabolic pathway?
all types of coordinated sequences of chemical reactions that occur in cells, all catalyzed by different enzymes
What is reduction?
The addition of electrons to an atom or molecule
What is oxidation?
The removal of electrons from an atom or molecule
In a chemical reaction, an enzyme’s ___ must change before it can catalyze the conversion of reactants to products.
conformation
what is the active site?
the location in the enzyme where the chemical reaction takes place
What is subtrate?
A reactant molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme
Lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction will:
change the rate of the reaction
what is activation energy?
The minimum amount of energy that must be provided for compounds to cause a chemical reaction
Why do organisms couple exergonic and endergonic reactions?
the endergonic reaction will proceed if the net free energy change is negative
What is a catalyst?
A substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or consumed
What the phosphorylation?
a phosphate is directly transferred from ATP to glucose
(adding a phosphate)
Describe the hydrolysis of ATP
A water molecule is added to ATP resulting in its breakdown to ADP and inorganic phosphate
exergonic reaction
what is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?
An energy carrier molecule utilized by all cells
3 phosphates, a ribose sugar, glucose molecule
The hydrolysis of one ATP yields a molecule of adenosine ___ (ADP) and a molecule of ___ phosphate
diphosphate, inorganic
What is an endergonic reaction?
A non-spontaneous positive reaction that absorbs energy
What is an exergonic reaction?
A spontaneous negative reaction that releases energy
What is entropy?
measure of disorder/randomness
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed
what is potential energy?
Energy that is stored
includes chemical energy between bonds of atoms
What is kenetic energy?
Energy of motion
What are the two main factors that determine the outcome of a chemical reaction in a living cell?
direction and rate
