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Bio 181 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How much ATP does oxidative phosphorylation generate

A

30-34

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2
Q

How many ATP does the citrix acid cycle generate

A

2 ATP

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3
Q

How many ATP does glycolysis produce?

A

2 ATP

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4
Q

Define photophosphorylation

A

Sythesis of ATP light being the ultimate energy source

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5
Q

The two independent, light capturing complexes of proteins and pigments, called photosystems I and II, are found in the_____ membrane of the chloroplast.

A

Thylakoid

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6
Q

What is the function of chlorophyll during photosynthesis?

A

absorbs light energy

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7
Q

Why is light considered a form of electromagnetic radiation?

A

it consists of both electric and magnetic energy

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8
Q

What three things may happen to light when it strikes an object?

A

It may pass through the object.
It may change direction.
It may be absorbed.

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9
Q

What is a photon?

A

A particle of light

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10
Q

Light is a type of ______ radiation because it consists of energy in the form of electric and magnetic fields.

A

Electromagnetic

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11
Q

What molecule is used as an electron carrier during photosynthesis?

A

NADPH

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12
Q

where do light reactions take place? what do they do?

A

thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast.
The light reactions convert light energy into chemical energy stored in covalent bonds

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13
Q

Where does the Calvin cycle take place? what does it do?

A

stroma of the chloroplast
the calvin cycle uses the energy to synthesize carbohydrates

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14
Q

Define photoautotroph

A

organisms that synthesize organic molecules using light as a source of energy.
ex: plants, algae, bacteria

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15
Q

Define autotroph

A

Organisms that produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules

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16
Q

What is the equation for photosythesis?
What is oxidated/reduced?

A

CO2 + 2H2O + light energy → CH2O + O2 + H2O
water is oxidated
CO2 is reduced

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17
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis and what do they do?

A

stage 1: light reaction
stage 2: calvin cycle

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18
Q

Define Photosynthesis:

A

The process in which the energy from light is captured and used to synthesize glucose

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19
Q

How does ATP synthase work?

A

ATP synthase uses the proton gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP molecules

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20
Q

describe the electron transport chain

A

electrons pass through a series of REDOX reactions releasing energy. the released energy forms a proton gradient, which is used by ATP synthase to make a large amount of ATP.

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21
Q

describe the structure of mitochondria

A

double membrane system- the inner folds are called cristae, the fluid inside is called the mitochondrial matrix

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22
Q

what is the fourth step of cellular respiration? where does it happen?

A

electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
all NADH and FADH2 is brought in with oxygen, water and ATP are produced. this process happens in the cristae (inner membrane of the mitochondria)

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23
Q

what is the third step of cellular respiration? where does it happen?

A

the citric acid cycle produce some ATP, carbon dioxide, NADH, and FADH2. it occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
aerobic process

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24
Q

what is the second step of cellular respiration? where does it happen?

A

pyruvate is oxidated and converted into acetyl CoA. this process takes place in the mitochondrial matrix (fluid inside mitochondria)

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25
Q

what is the first step of cellular respiration? where does it happen?

A

glycolysis breaks down a 6-carbon glucose molecule into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules. this process happens in the cytoplasm

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26
Q

What is the equasion for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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27
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

glucose is oxidated to CO₂ in the presence of oxygen, and ATP is synthesized

28
Q

what are e- carriers in cellular respiration?
what are two examples of e- carriers?

A

molecules that can either oxidate or reduce in cellular respiration
FAD & FADH₂
NAD+ & NADH + H+

29
Q

what is regulation in feedback inhibition?

A

cells have the ability to increase/decrease the rate of metabolic pathway

30
Q

If we have the enzymes A → B → C → D, what would happen if enzyme A was deactivated

A

concentration goes down for enzymes B, C, D
concentration of A goes ↑

31
Q

What type of motion is coupled to the synthesis of ATP by the enzyme ATP synthase?

A

Spinning

32
Q

What is the proton motive force?

A

the gradient of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

33
Q

What reactants are required for the citric acid cycle?

A

NAD+
FAD
GDP2-
Acetyl-CoA

34
Q

Aerobic

A

Process that requires oxygen

35
Q

Anaerobic

A

Process that does not require oxygen

36
Q

What are the products of the chemical reaction that breaks down pyruvate?

A

CO2
Acetyl-CoA
NADH

37
Q

What does each cycle of the citric acid cycle produce?

A

3 NADH and 1 FADH2

38
Q

What are the products from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP molecules
2 NADH

39
Q

Describe Glycolysis

A

involves the breakdown of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvates
can take place without oxygen (anerobic)

40
Q

what happens during the cleavage phase of glycolysis?

A

a six-carbon molecule is converted to two three carbon pyruvate molecules

41
Q

What is the Energy investment phase of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP are used to provide the activation energy to break a molecule of glucose down

42
Q

What four pathways are involved in the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide and water?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation
Citric acid cycle
Breakdown of pyruvate
Glycolysis

43
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

When an atom or molecule is oxidized, the electron that is removed is transferred to another atom or molecule, which is thereby reduced

44
Q

What is feedback inhibition?

A

the end product of a metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway

45
Q

what is a metabolic pathway?

A

all types of coordinated sequences of chemical reactions that occur in cells, all catalyzed by different enzymes

46
Q

What is reduction?

A

The addition of electrons to an atom or molecule

47
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The removal of electrons from an atom or molecule

48
Q

In a chemical reaction, an enzyme’s ___ must change before it can catalyze the conversion of reactants to products.

A

conformation

49
Q

what is the active site?

A

the location in the enzyme where the chemical reaction takes place

50
Q

What is subtrate?

A

A reactant molecule that binds to the active site of an enzyme

51
Q

Lowering the activation energy of a chemical reaction will:

A

change the rate of the reaction

52
Q

what is activation energy?

A

The minimum amount of energy that must be provided for compounds to cause a chemical reaction

53
Q

Why do organisms couple exergonic and endergonic reactions?

A

the endergonic reaction will proceed if the net free energy change is negative

54
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction, without being changed or consumed

55
Q

What the phosphorylation?

A

a phosphate is directly transferred from ATP to glucose
(adding a phosphate)

56
Q

Describe the hydrolysis of ATP

A

A water molecule is added to ATP resulting in its breakdown to ADP and inorganic phosphate
exergonic reaction

57
Q

what is Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)?

A

An energy carrier molecule utilized by all cells
3 phosphates, a ribose sugar, glucose molecule

58
Q

The hydrolysis of one ATP yields a molecule of adenosine ___ (ADP) and a molecule of ___ phosphate

A

diphosphate, inorganic

59
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

A non-spontaneous positive reaction that absorbs energy

60
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

A spontaneous negative reaction that releases energy

61
Q

What is entropy?

A

measure of disorder/randomness

62
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

63
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed

64
Q

what is potential energy?

A

Energy that is stored
includes chemical energy between bonds of atoms

65
Q

What is kenetic energy?

A

Energy of motion

66
Q

What are the two main factors that determine the outcome of a chemical reaction in a living cell?

A

direction and rate

Bio 181 (5 decks)

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