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Bio 181 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called the ___ structure

A

primary

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2
Q

The covalent bond that joins two amino acids is called a _______ bond.

A

peptide

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3
Q

What are the three major structural components of an amino acid?

A

Side chain (R group)
Amino group
Carboxyl group

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4
Q

What are the 4 bases of DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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5
Q

What are the three basic components of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate group, Sugar, Base

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6
Q

What are the major components of the bases in a nucleotide?

A

Nitrogen
Single or double carbon ring

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7
Q

Which of the following statements is true about adenine and guanine?

A

They consist of two fused rings of C and N atoms.
They are purine bases.

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8
Q

What type of bond is responsible for the base pairing between two strands of DNA in the double helix?

A

Hydrogen Bond

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9
Q

Which are pyrimidine bases found in DNA?

A

Thymine
Cytosine

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10
Q

RNA molecules contain what type of sugar?

A

ribose

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11
Q

What base pairs are found in DNA?

A

Adenine-thymine
Cytosine-guanine

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12
Q

What does RNA contain?

A

Uracil
Ribose
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine

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13
Q

4 Bases in RNA?

A

Uracil
Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine

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14
Q

In a DNA double helix, adenine on one strand is paired to ______ on the other strand via ______ hydrogen bonds.

A

thymine ; two

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15
Q

For a molecule to serve as the genetic material, it must meet the following key criteria:

A

information, replication, variation, transmission

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16
Q

RNA differs from DNA in that RNA contains the base ___, and does not contain the base ___

A

uracil, thymine

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17
Q

A linear DNA strand contains two ends: the 5 prime end has a free ______ group, while the 3 prime end has a free ______ group.

A

P, OH

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18
Q

Which amino acid is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds?

A

Cysteine

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19
Q

The terminator is a site in the DNA where the ___ of a gene ends

A

transcription

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20
Q

What are the stages of transcription?

A

initiation, elongation, termination

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21
Q

transcription begins at a site in DNA called the

A

promoter

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22
Q

What is synthesized during the elongation stage of transcription

A

RNA

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23
Q

How is the 5’ end of a eukaryotic mRNA modified?

A

a cap is added to it

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24
Q

How is the 3’ end of a eukaryotic mRNA modified?

A

A poly A tail is added to it

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25
Q

introns

A

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes.

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26
Q

exons

A

Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.

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27
Q

what is the spliceosome complex’s function and what does it include?

A

A large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by removing of introns and connecting exons

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28
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A

A=T and C=G

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29
Q

antiparallel configuration

A

The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.
Connected with hydrogen bonds

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30
Q

Pyrimidines

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

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31
Q

Purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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32
Q

polymerization

A

putting a polymer together using a dehydration reaction

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33
Q

Sugar used in RNA

A

ribose

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34
Q

Sugar used in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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35
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded
DNA stores and transfers genetic information, RNA codes

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36
Q

what bond connects one nucelotide to the next

A

phosphodiester bonds

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37
Q

non-polar amino acids

A

hydrophobic

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38
Q

polar amino acids

A

hydrophilic

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39
Q

charged animo acids

A

hydrophilic

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40
Q

What defines the function of a protein

A

structure

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41
Q

What is a denatured protein

A

a protein that has lost its shape and function by being unfolded

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42
Q

N-terminus

A

amino end

43
Q

C-terminus

A

carboxyl end

44
Q

what is a peptide bond?

A

covalent bond between the carboxyl group and amino group

45
Q

primary structure

A

peptide bonds
specific order of amino acids- unique to every protein

46
Q

secondary structure

A

Hydrogen bonds form spirals ((a helix) or pleats (beta)

47
Q

Tertiary Structure

A

additional folding of the polypeptide forms a 3D structure

48
Q

What are the 5 types of interactions in a tertiary structure?

A

Disulfide bonds (covalent bond)
Hydrogen bonds
Ionic bonds
Non-polar interactions
Vander Waals interactions

49
Q

disulfide bond in tertiary structure

A

covalent bond between 2 cysteine amino acids

50
Q

ionic bond in a tertiary structure

A

between charged R-Groups

51
Q

hydrogen bonds in tertiary structure

A

between polar R-groups

52
Q

non-polar interactions in a tertiary structure

A

hydrophobic affect between non-polar R-Groups

53
Q

Van der Waals interactions

A

weak attractions between atoms close to each other

54
Q

quartenary structure

A

interactions of R-groups of two or more polypeptides

55
Q

how does a protein become denatured

A

high head
low pH

56
Q

what are polymers of nucleotides

A

nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

57
Q

what does DNA include?

A

nucleotides, strand, double helix, chromosome, genome

58
Q

what are nucelotides held by

A

covalent bonds

59
Q

what are strands held together by

A

phosphodiester bonds

60
Q

what is a double helix held together by?

A

hydrogen bonds

61
Q

what is a hairpin

A

sections of the RNA sequence that are complementary to each other

62
Q

gene expression

A

explain how a gene becomes a protein
genes are turned off whenever/wherever
include transcription and translation

63
Q

central dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein
gene sequence of DNA that makes instructions to make a protein

64
Q

transcription

A

DNA –> mRNA
(make a copy)

65
Q

translation

A

mRNA –> protein
(new language)

66
Q

where does translation and transcription happen in prokaryotic cells?

A

cytoplasm

67
Q

where does translation and transcription happen in eukaryotic cells?

A

transcription happens in the nucleus, translation happens in the cytoplasm

68
Q

what are the 2 exceptions to the central dogma?

A

when a functional RNA is synthesized
retroviruses- RNA viruses (HIV)

69
Q

how does reverse transcription work?

A

uses RNA transcriptase to reverse-transcribe RNA genomes into DNA, which is then integrated into the host genome and replicated along with it.

70
Q

what is a gene?

A

segment (sequence) of DNA that encodes for one protein
example: chromosomes cookbook, genes recipes

71
Q

what is the coding strand?

A

strand of DNA that is complementary to the template strand
(non-template)
Carries information to make proteins

72
Q

what is the non-coding strand?

A

template strand

73
Q

promoter

A

sequence in gene that marks the location on the template strand
starts transcription

74
Q

What is the “+1” site of a gene?

A

first nucleotide that is transcribed
direction of transcription

75
Q

upstream

A

lies towards the 5’ end of the DNA coding strand, 5’ side

76
Q

downstream

A

is in the direction of transcription, moving toward the 3’ side

77
Q

Consider a fragment of DNA that has a total of 10 base pairs. Four of these contain Adenine and six contain Guanine. How many hydrogen bonds would there be in this fragment between purine/pyrimidine pairs?

A

24 =8
36 =18
18+8=26
26 hydrogen bonds

78
Q

If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases are guanine?

A

30%

79
Q

You isolate a nucleic acid from a cell. How can you determine whether you have isolated RNA or DNA?

A

Look at the nitrogenous bases of the molecule (thymine or uracil)
Look at the sugars of the molecule (DNA will have deoxyribose, RNA will have ribose)

80
Q

transcription

A

the process in which a particular segment of DNA is converted into RNA
(Creating rna from the dna)

81
Q

translation

A

the process of using the information in the RNA to synthesize polypeptides

82
Q

Translation begins when mRNA becomes associated with a

A

ribosome

83
Q

What is the purpose of the genetic code?

A

It specifies the relationship between a sequence of nucleotides and a sequence of amino acids

84
Q

What amino acid is specified by the start codon?

A

Methionine

85
Q

What structural features are common to all tRNAs?

A

Cloverleaf pattern with three stem-loops
Acceptor stem for amino acid attachment

86
Q

initiation of transcription

A

RNA polymerase binds to promoter

87
Q

elongation of transcription

A

RNA polymerase unzips the DNA and assembles RNA nucleotides using one strand of DNA as a template.

88
Q

termination of transcription

A

RNA polymerase reaches a terminator sequence (Stop codon) and detaches from the template

89
Q

initiation of translation

A

mRNA is attached to a subunit of the ribosome, the first codon is always AUG

90
Q

elongation of translation

A

Peptide bonds are formed between amino acids to synthesize a polypeptide.

91
Q

termination of translation

A

occurs when a stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site of the ribosome

92
Q

what are the three steps in RNA processing?

A
  1. Capping (Addition of 5’ cap)
    2.Tailing (addition of poly-A tail (3’) string of AAAA’s)
  2. Splicing (removal of introns)
93
Q

what is the function of capping?

A
  1. helps mRNA exit the nucleus
  2. prevents loss of sequence in 5’ end (degradation)
  3. (in eukaryotes)= help mRNA bind to ribosome
94
Q

what is the function of a poly-a tail?

A

prevents degradation (loss of sequence)

95
Q

what is a codon?

A

a three nucleotide sequence in mRNA (64 codons total)

96
Q

Why do we need mRNA in eukaryotic cells?

A
  1. Remove non-coding information
  2. Prevents mRNA from loosing sequence
97
Q

61 codons specify for an _

A

amino acid

98
Q

1 Specifies for a __ codon
and the amino acid ___

A

“start” (known as AUG)
Methionine (Met)
AUG -> MET

99
Q

3 codons mean __

A

stop

100
Q

what are the characteristics of the genetic code and what do they mean?

A
  1. unambiguous- each codon specified for only one amino acid
    2- redundant: each amino acid can be specified by more than 1 codon
  2. conservative: codons that specify for the same amino acid share the first 2 bases
101
Q

what are the three major types of RNA used in translation?

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

102
Q

what two types of macromolecules are in ribosomal subunits?

A

proteins, RNA

103
Q

what types of bonds are formed between amino acid in translation?

A

covalent bonds

Bio 181 (5 decks)

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