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Test 1 MH3 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Urbanism

A

Music became a symbol of power and energy - dehumanization of art
Ballet became prominent
Machine music

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2
Q

Urbanism

A

Machine music

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3
Q

Urbanism

A

Sports became subject of pieces, Honneggers Skating Rink and Rugby

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4
Q

Urbanism Pieces

A

Honegger’s Pacific 231 Carpenter’s skyscrapers, Antheil’s Ballet Mechanique, Mossolov’s Iron Foundry

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5
Q

Primitivism

A

Reaction to over-refinement of impressionists and Romanticists

Intended to recapture spontaneity and freedom of primitive life

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6
Q

Primitivism

A

African art and music became popular, sculpture and carving

Hallmarks included more emphasis on rhythm, ostinato, use of percussion, polytonality, dissonant block chords and melodies of narrow range

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7
Q

Expressionism

A

German answer to French Impressionism. Impressionism focused on outer world, nature, light, color. Expressionism focused on the inner self and subconscious (Freud)

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8
Q

Expressionism

A

Began as an art movement, Kandinsky works of hallucinations and visions. Psychoanalysis

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9
Q

Expressionism

A

Music was atonal containing wide leaps and using instruments in extreme registers and with special effects (flutter tongue, harmonics, etc)

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10
Q

Expression

A

Pierrot Lunaire by Arnold Schoenberg is the best example. Written for violin, vlc, flute, clarinet, piano and female voice

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11
Q

What instruments did Pierrot Lunaire call for? Schoenberg. Expressionism

A

Vln, Vlc, Fl, Cl, Pno, female voice

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12
Q

Pierrot Lunaire, Schoenberg. Expressionism

A

Extreme ranges and a wide palette of timbre and dynamics. Sprecgstimme (half sung, half spoken) used in voice.

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13
Q

Neo-Classicism

A

Music was simplified, orderly and with clarity. Not happy nor sad, abstract. Revival of old forms

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14
Q

Neo-classicism

A

Moved away from chromaticism toward pandiatonicism

Composer as craftsman, not artist

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14
Q

Neo-classicism

A

Stravinsky, “the more art is controlled and limited, the freer it is”
No more symbolism, just music as art. Pre-romantic forms - fugue, chaccone, toccatas

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15
Q

Neo-classicism

A

Music with order, discipline, proportion.

Orchestration = way simpler. Away from lushness, more contrapuntal

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16
Q

Igor Stravinsky

A

Dominant composer of 20th century
Russian, studied composition with Rimsky
1939 moved to America

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17
Q

Igor Stravinsky

A

More diatonic, key-oriented. Lived in Paris.
Diaghilev commissioned Firebird from him (28 years old) followed by Petroushka and Rite of Spring
Gained international fame

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18
Q

What was Stravinsky’s breakthrough composition? (And his first?)

A

Firebird

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19
Q

Igor Stravinsky

A

Russian Revolution of 1917 vaused him to leave and settle in France. (Paris)

Based his music off of Russian Lore

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20
Q

Igor Stravinsky

A

Did not want to repeat himself. Strong rhythm. Liked working in a key, but has some polytonality.

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21
Q

Igor Stravinsky

A

Fine orchestrator, used unconventional registers
Thin textures
Melody = IMPORTANT

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22
Q

Igor Stravinsky

A

Leader of neoclassicists. Turned to serialism in later years. Caused an uproar

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23
Q

Bela Bartok

A

Besties with Kodaly, teaching young people
Born in Hungary
Bulgarian music.
Did not care for Shostakovich

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24
Q

Bela Bartok

A

Studied at Royal Academy of Budapest and became an excellent pianist
Became interested in Folk Music of Hungary. He and Kodaly set out to annotate and record peasant folk music. Was a leading ethnomusicologist who annotated many folk songs from around the world

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25
Q

Bela Bartok

A

In the 1930’s, he was distraught with political scene and Hungary’s alliance with Germany. He left in 1940, giving up economic security and fame. He was unknown, unhappy, and broke in the United States.

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26
Q

Bela Bartok

A

Received an appointment at Columbia U to do folklore research. Also toured with wife as a piano duo.

Contracted Leukemia, thought his career was over

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27
Q

Bela Bartok

A

Friends arranged for some commissions, first of which came from Koussevitzy and Boston Sym. for Concerto for Orchestra
Died in poverty and obscurity, famous world-wide after.

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28
Q

Bela Bartok

A

Built on folk music. 16th, dotted 8th rhythm with an accent on the first note.

Battle of pairs! Parallel interval chords!

29
Q

Bela Bartok

A

Asymmetric. Spirit of Middle Eastern folk music

Polytonality

I, II, III, IV, V Arch

30
Q

Bela Bartok

A

Used modes, pentatonic scales. Freed him from major and minor.

Equal to Beethoven string quartets and writing.

Polytonality and superimposing chords. Rhythmic and percussive.

31
Q

Bela Bartok

A

Music uses tonal center, not key. Chromatic.
Master of form. Many contrapuntal works.
ABCDCBA
Fibonacci sequence

32
Q

Paul Hindemith

A

Violist and Conductor, as well as composer
Had his own philosophy of music education and sought to make musicians more versatile and more broadly trained. Proponent of Gebrauchsmusik.

33
Q

Paul Hindemith

A

Came to America shortly before WWII because of political scene. His music was banned in Germany

Taught at Yale

Influenced and taught many American composers while here

34
Q

Paul Hindemith

A

Master of counterpoint. Loved winds, especially.
Music built around intervals of 4 or 5.
Believer in tonality, rejected Schoenburg school.

35
Q

Paul Hindemith

A

Harmony has a strong tonal center but is freely tonal. Use of Baroque-like rhythms.
Traditional forms: Sonata, fugue, chaccone
Wrote a sonata for nearly every instrument

36
Q

Satie’s anti-impressionist stance inspired 6 composers - Who?

A

Durey, Taillefeire, Auric, Millhaud, Honeggar, Poulenc

37
Q

Les Six

A

Durey, Taillefeire, Auric, Millhaud, Honeggar, Poulenc

38
Q

Les Six, Darius Milhaud

A

Came to US during war. Music uses simple melodies and polytonality. Very prolific. Creation of the World (!) influenced by Jazz. A ballet depicting creation according to African American Legends

39
Q

Les Six, Arthur Honeggar

A

TRAIN. Music influenced by romanticism, more popular with public. Music faded in later tears. Concertino for Piano and Orchestra also influenced by jazz

40
Q

Les Six, Francis Poulenc

A

Music very rhythmic and harmonically imaginative. Fond of winds and piano

41
Q

Russian Music

A

Revolution of 1917 brought communist doctrine of socialist realism. Music must be composed for consumption by the masses. Government decides framework within which the artists works

42
Q

Russian Music

A

Music was to have much emotion and imagery emphasis of art and social significance rather than individual expression
Nevertheless, a few soviet composers gained international fame despite limitations and have written 1st rate works

43
Q

Russian Music

A

Prokofiev and Schostakovich embodied the neoclassical style of writing, which was more music for music’s sake with emphasis on form, not emotion
Severely criticized for these tendencies by the government
After Stalin era, government relaxed its harsh view.

44
Q

Serge Prokofiev

A

Attended St. Petersburg conservatory at 10 years old
Gained recognition as pianist and composer.
Came to America in 1918, praised his playing but hated his compositions.

45
Q

Serge Prokofiev

A

Went to Paris to try and find success
After 10 years, wanted to go back to Russia
Became leading Soviet composer, lived comfortably.
Criticism came in 1948 from government, was upset and wrote 7th Symphony. Satisfied the state, was also successful abroad. Died in 1953.

46
Q

Serge Prokofiev

A

Neoclassical style contrasted with Russian romanticism of Rachmaninov. Humor in his music, dissonance, etc.
Later in life wanted to return to romanticism and emotion in his music. Probably why he returned to Russia, knew he would have support
Love of 3 Oranges - commission

47
Q

Dmitri Shostakovich

A

Born in St. Petersburg and raised during Revolution
Childhood was filled with poverty and illness.
Wrote 1st symphony at 19, made an impact on world scene

48
Q

Dmitri Shostakovich

A

Opera Lady Macbeth gained his international fame.
Soviet government criticized the opera. He wrote his 5th symphony and regained praise of government. In the score, “a creative reply to just criticism”

49
Q

Dmitri Shostakovich

A

During WWII, wrote 7th symphony. Leningrad. Inspired by Battle of Leningrad with Germans, great success throughout the world
Died in 1976.

50
Q

Dmitri Shostakovich

A

Primarily a symphonist. Considered foremost symphonist of 20th century. Orchestration = transparent. Adept at melody and counterpoint (neoclassical)
Humor and mockery
Chromatic harmonies

51
Q

12 tone music

A

Schoenburg wanted to write atonal music but needed a way of organizing and unifying it
Stressed that the method did not change a composers style of writing, only the pitch content

52
Q

12 tone music

A

12 notes equally important.
Tone row, set, or series of 12 notes in a particular order
Melody, harmony would use this set
Set could be inverted, retrograde, or retro-inv
Idea was used to a smaller extent by Bach

53
Q

Schoenberg and Stravinsky

A

The two different schools of writing

54
Q

Schoenberg and Stravinsky

A

Most music of the 20th century emanates from these two
Both sought to be freed of the influence of 19th century tonal influences
Both returned to thematic approach, which impressionists abandoned. & traditional forms.

55
Q

Stravinsky

A

Whose music was devoid of emotion? (Neoclassical)

56
Q

Schoenberg

A

Remained tied to the German romantic tradition of emotional, expressive music. Atonal

57
Q

Hindemith

A

Criticized the 12 tone method

58
Q

Stravinsky

A

Who turned to serialism at the end of their career?

59
Q

Arnold Schoenberg

A

Born Vienna, had little formal training in music. Became active as a teacher in Vienna and gathered several disciples (Berg, Webern)

60
Q

Arnold Schoenberg

A

Public met his work with hostility as he ventured further from tonality. He composed nothing from 1915 to 1923 because he was formulating the 12 tone method

61
Q

Schoenberg

A

Creator of the 12 tone method

62
Q

Arnold Schoenberg

A

Taught in Germany until 1933, then came to the US and taught at USC and UCLA

63
Q

Alban Berg

A

Born in Vienna, studied composition with Schoenberg. Opera Wozzeck gained him international recognition (expressionist)

64
Q

Alban Berg

A

Active teacher! As Hitler came to power, his works were banned. He did not move to the US like Schoenberg, though. Died at 50.

65
Q

Alban Berg

A

Was the most accessible music to the public, less abrasive.
Was lyrical, romantic, and incorporated a degree of tonality.
Liked traditional form
Fine orchestrator

66
Q

Anton Webern

A

Born in Vienna, studied with Schoenberg
Conductor, then concentrated soley on composing the teaching.
Nazi’s banned his music.
Resided in Austria during WWII, was shot by American soldier 5 months after the war had ended. Curfew violation.

67
Q

Anton Webern

A

Least linked with tradition, was the most atonal. Never used repetition in his music. Brevity is the keyword in his music, economy of means. Longest work is about 10 minutes.

68
Q

Anton Webern

A

Each tone, each chord has utmost expressive value. Orchestration = transparent. Uses unusual combinations of instruments.

69
Q

Anton Webern

A

Pointillism and Schoenberg’s concept of Klangfarbenmelodie (sound colors) is important! Breaking up the melody into different timbres.

70
Q

Anton Webern

A

Delicate effects, sound for sounds sake. Silence is used much and becomes as important as music. Interval replaces theme. Had great influence on composers in 50’s! Small output of 31 works.

Test 1 MH3 (6 decks)

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