Test 3- 14~19 Flashcards
- A boy’s first ejaculation of sperm.
–Erections can occur as early as infancy, but ejaculation signals sperm production.
Spermarche
•The time between the first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development.
•Usually lasts three to five years.
–Many more years are required to achieve psychosocial maturity.
Puberty
•Adrenal glands-Two glands, located above the kidneys
–produce hormones, including the “stress hormones” epinephrine (adrenaline) & norepinephrine
HPA (hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal) axis- A sequence of hormone production
–originates in the hypothalamus, moving to the pituitary and then to the adrenal glands.
- The paired sex glands (ovaries in females, testicles in males)
–produce hormones and gametes
Gonads
T/F About 2/3 of the variation in age of puberty is genetic
True
What is leptin?
- A hormone that affects appetite and is believed to affect the onset of puberty.
- Levels increase during adulthood and peak at around age 12
Compared to 100 years ago, adolescent sexual development is more hazardous, for five reasons:
- Earlier puberty and weaker social taboos mean teens have sexual experiences at younger ages. Early sex correlates with depression and drug abuse.
- Most contemporary teenage mothers have no husbands to help them, whereas many teenage mothers a century ago were married.
- Raising a child has become more complex and expensive.
- Mothers of teenagers are often employed and therefore less available as caregivers for their teenager’s child.
- Sexually transmitted infections are more widespread and dangerous.
Several aspects of adolescent brain development are positive
- increased mylenation, which decreases reaction time
- enhanced dopamine activity, promoting pleasurable experiences
- synaptic growth enhances moral development and openness to new experiences and ideas
An aspect of adolescent thinking that leads young people (ages 10 to 14) to focus on themselves to the exclusion of others.
Adolescent egocentrism
–An adolescent’s belief that his or her thoughts, feelings, or experiences are unique, more wonderful or awful than anyone else’s.
Personal fable
•The other people who, in an adolescent’s egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior.
–This belief makes many teenagers self-conscious
Imaginary audience
–Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics.
Deductive reasoning (top-down reasoning
–Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to a general conclusion; may be less cognitively advanced than deduction.
•Inductive reasoning (bottom-up reasoning)
–Erikson’s term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out “Who am I?” but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt.
•Identity versus role confusion
–Erikson’s term for the attainment of identity, the point at which a person understands who he or she is as a unique individual, in accord with past experiences and future plans.
•Identity achievement
Not Yet Achieved
•Role confusion (identity diffusion)
–A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his or her identity is.
Erikson’s term for premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents’ or society’s roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis.
(Not yet achieved)
-Foreclosure
–An adolescent’s choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions. Going to college is a common example.
•Moratorium
Also not yet achieved
Four Aspects of Closeness:
–Communication: Do parents and teens talk openly with one another?
–Support: Do they rely on one another?
–Connectedness: How emotionally close are they?
–Control: Do parents encourage or limit adolescent autonomy?
Closeness Within the Family
Closeness within family
Destructive peer support in which one person shows another how to rebel against authority or social norms.
Deviancy training
•Peer pressure
–Encouragement to conform to one’s friends or contemporaries in behavior, dress, and attitude; usually considered a negative force, as when adolescent peers encourage one another to defy adult authority.
The ability to ward off disease caused by microbes or environmental agent
Immunity (resistance)
The last part of the Adolescent body to be fully formed
The torso
Primary sex characteristics
Not: facial hair, breast development, or lowering of voice
Primary sex characteristic = maturation of the testes
Why are teenage girls more susceptible to STI’s vs mature women?
Fully developed women have some natural biological defenses against STI’s
Most frequently reported sexually transmitted infection
Chlamydia
Emotions rule behavior for many teens because
- Onset of puberty is earlier,
- amygdala matures before the prefrontal cortex
- complexities of emotional restraint are beyond them
Physical traits that are not directly involved in reproduction, but that indicate sexual maturity- like mans beard and women’s breasts
Secondary sex characteristics
Time between first onrush of hormones and full adult physical development
Puberty
Parts of body directly involved with reproduction- vagina, uterus, ovaries, testicles, penis
Primary sex characteristics
Gland in brain that responds to a signal from the hypothalamus, and produces many hormones (growth hormones) that then control other glands like adrenal and sex glands
Pituitary gland
TF - leptin levels increase during childhood at peak around 12
True
HPG axis (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad) axis
Sequence of hormone production
HPA (hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal) axis
Sequence of hormone production
An organic chemical substance that is produced by one body tissue and conveyed via the bloodstream to another body tissue, in order to affect a physiological function
Hormone
Two glands, located above the kidneys, that produce hormones (incl stress hormones epinephrine {adrenaline} and norepinephrine )
Adrenal glands
What age would you expect acute self-consciousness to be at its highest ?
12
What stage characterizes thinking that is no longer dependent on concrete experiences
Formal operational thought
Dual-process model
Two networks exist within the brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli
Klaczynski’s study of adolescent thinking
Showed teenagers can use logic but most did not
Marisa drove her car to Las Vegas instead of flying after reading a story about a plane crash. This common fallacy is
Base rate neglect
When it comes to religion most adolescents feel close to God
True
“Secondary education” refers to
Grades 7-12th
Low ebb of learning occurs in
Middle school
T/F- study of LA middle school students suggested that having someone to blame makes students feel safer and less lonely
True
T/F high schools today require students to take 2 years of math beyond algebra
True
Mistaken belief if money time or effort (sunk costs) have been invested, then more should be invested in an effort to reach the goal… Fallacy- fixing a lemon, fight a losing battle, etc
Sunk cost fallacy
International test taken by 15 year olds in 50 nations, designed to measure problem solving and cognition in daily life
PISA (programme for international student assessment)
Thought that arises from an emotion or a hunch, beyond rational explanation and is influenced by past experiences and cultural assumptions
Intuitive thought
Inductive reasoning (bottom-up reasoning)
Reasoning from one or more specific experiences or facts to reach and induce a general conclusion
Belief that makes teenagers very self conscious- an adolescents egocentric belief people are watching
Imaginary audience
Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality
Hypothetical thought
Piaget’s fourth and final stage of cognitive development
- more systematic logical thinking, ability to understand and systematically manipulate abstract concepts
Formal operational thought
Deductive reasoning (top-down)
Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle…through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics
Thought that depends on logic and rationality, and results from analysis (like systematic ranking of pros and cons, risks and consequences, possibilities and facts)
Analytic thought
T/F- senescence begins in late adolescence
True
Emerging adulthood, unprotected sex is likely to result in pregnancy within
3 months on average
Baby boomers born
1946-1964
Percent of emerging U.S. adults with an anxiety disorder
25%
Diagnosis of schizophrenia most common
Age 18-24
6’3 and weight 210
Overweight
Stage of life where the greatest proportion of people are within the normal range for body weight
Emerging adulthood
Johnson (2009) study- what age group reports the most binge drinking
21-22
The Information-processing Approach studies how the brain encodes, stores, and retrieves information… And the Stage Approach evaluates whether a new level of cognition is reached by adults
True
The ability to combine subjective thoughts from personal experiences , with objective thoughts from abstract logic is a practical skill of
A skill of postformal thought
Moshmans puzzle study on cognition showed that emerging adults have
Cognitive flexibility
The most advanced process of cognition
Dialectical thought
Moral values are powerfully affected by
Culture and era
Third stage of development of faith exhibits
A conformist acceptance of cultural values
Kohlberg is to moral development as
Fowler is to development of faith
Reason for high drop out rate of today’s college students
Lack the cultural knowledge or cognitive maturity to acquire the “social know-how” needed to navigate through college
Aggressive young adults rates themselves as quite conscientious
True
Sternberg’s form of love that includes passion and commitment but not intimacy
Fatuous love
The similarity of a couples leisure interests and role preferences
Social homogamy
Fighting between romantic partners that is brought on more by the situation than by the deep personality problems of the individuals. Both partners are typically victims and abusers
Situational couple violence
Stage of cognitive development that enables one to combine contradictory elements into a comprehensive whole is
Postformal thought
Labouvie-Vief, no one under 20 was advanced in
The integrated stage of self description
Possibility that one’s appearance or behavior will be misread to confirm another’s oversimplified prejudiced attitudes is
Stereotype threat
Test developed by Rest, to assess moral reasoning through ranking possible solutions to moral dilemmas
Defining Issues Test
Fowlers development of faith
Progresses from simple self centered perspective to a more complex, altruistic view
Period of emerging adulthood
18-25
1% of adults experience at least one episode of schizophrenia
True
2/3 emerging adults in us reach standard of exercising 30 min day/ 5 x week
True
Normal BMI
Between 20 & 25
Example of edgework
Bike messenger
A method of reducing risky behavior among emerging adults based on their desire to follow standard social behavior
Social norms approach
Puberty lasts how many years usually?
3-5
Puberty begins with a hormonal signal from _______ to ________
Hypothalamus to pituitary gland
Puberty begins with a hormonal signal from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
How much of adult bone mass is acquired between age 10 & 20?
Half (1/2)
Living in a stressful environment has been found to
Result in earlier puberty
