Test 3

Question 1

diagram that provides history of metallurgy

Answer 1

ellingham

Question 2

pyrometallurgy

Answer 2

heat in the presence of a reducing agent

Question 3

smelting

Answer 3

heat metal ore in the presence of a reducing agent

Question 4

negative delta H is (endothermic/exothermic)

Answer 4

exothermic

Question 5

freezing of liquid water had negative/positive delta H

Answer 5

negative

Question 6

dG is equal to ? and ?

Answer 6

dH-TdS and -nFE

Question 7

compound in an oxidation-reduction reaction that donates an electron to another species

Answer 7

reducing agent

Question 8

compound in an oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction that accepts an electron from another species

Answer 8

oxidizing agent

Question 9

earliest metal reduced from its oxide to form pure metal

Answer 9

Cu

Question 10

Common copper usually appears as an oxide/sulfide

Answer 10

sulfide

Question 11

process involving gas–solid reactions at elevated temperatures with the goal of purifying the metal component

Answer 11

roasting

Question 12

copper sulfide converted to copper oxide via ?

Answer 12

roasting

Question 13

copper sulfide purified as early as ?. Required temps of ?.

Answer 13

4000BC, 100C

Question 14

Iron and other metal oxides required higher temps of about ? to reduce. Possible around ?BC (iron age)

Answer 14

1000

Question 15

Magnesium is a 20th century metal despite one of its reactions being reduction by ?

Answer 15

carbon

Question 16

magnesium reduction requires high temperatures only obtainable with a ?

Answer 16

modern blast furnace, electrothermal

Question 17

ellingham plots ? (x-axis) vs ?

Answer 17

Temp vs deltaG

Question 18

a kink in an ellingham diagram indicates ?

Answer 18

a phase change

Question 19

large negative slope in ellingham diagram is indicative of ?

Answer 19

an increase in moles of gas

Question 20

2 general mechanisms of electron transfer reactions

Answer 20

outer sphere, inner sphere

Question 21

Outer sphere electron transfer mechanism

Answer 21

1) interacting species come in close proximity 2) e- transfers when the two complexes geometries allow the transfer to occur adiabatically

Question 22

adiabatically

Answer 22

without further change in energy

Question 23

Inner sphere electron transfer mechanism

Answer 23

1) ligand capable of binding simultaneously to two metal ions of one complex bridges to metal center of 2nd complex 2) one ligand is replaced by bridging ligand and bridging ligand transfers to 2nd complex

Question 24

latimer diagrams are also known as ?

Answer 24

potential diagrams

Question 25

purpose of latimer diagrams

Answer 25

obtain potential data for non adjacent species

Question 26

balance reaction in acidic conditions

Answer 26

1) balance moles of non hydrogen and oxygen species 2) add water to product to balance oxygens 3) add hydrogen to reactants to balance hydrogens 4) balance charge with electrons

Question 27

balance reaction in basic conditions

Answer 27

same as acidic plus 1) add same number of OH to reactants as there are H 2) cancel out water molecules from each side

Question 28

Calculate standard electrode potential of two non adjacent species

Answer 28

1) convert electrode potentials of reactions bridging two non adjacent species to dG using dG=-nFE 2) Sum bridging reactions taking into account molar ratio with net reaction 3) Convert to electode potential with same formula

Question 29

non adjacent electrode potential formula

Answer 29

[a*n(1)*E(1)+b*n(2)*E(2)]/[n(x)]

Question 30

disproportionation

Answer 30

redox reaction in which a species is simultaneously reduced and oxidized to form two different products

Question 31

opposite of disproportionation

Answer 31

conproportionation

Question 32

Calculate whether species undergoes disproportionation

Answer 32

reduction potential to the right of species minus reduction potential to the left in a latimer diagram. [reduction potential - oxidation potential]

Question 33

Frost diagrams plot ? (x-axis) vs ?

Answer 33

N (oxidation state) vs -nE (or dG/F)

Question 34

Frost diagrams are created from ? diagrams

Answer 34

latimer

Question 35

in a frost diagram, this species is assigned a y value of 0

Answer 35

zero oxidation state

Question 36

an oxidation state at the top of a "hill" in a frost diagram indicates the oxidation state favors (conproportionation/disproportionation)

Answer 36

disproportionation

Question 37

an oxidation state at the bottom of a "valley' in a frost diagram indicates the oxidation state favors (conproportionation/disproportionation)

Answer 37

conproportionation

Question 38

Pourbaix diagrams plot ? vs ?

Answer 38

pH vs potential

Question 39

horizontal lines in pourbaix diagrams represent ?

Answer 39

independence of pH

Question 40

vertical lines in pourbaix diagrams represent ?

Answer 40

independence of potential

Question 41

strong oxidizing agents confined to (top/bottom) of pourbaix diagrams

Answer 41

top

Question 42

strong acid confined to (left/right) of pourbaix diagrams

Answer 42

left

Question 43

antiquity definition of acid

Answer 43

taste sour

Question 44

antiquity definition of base

Answer 44

taste sweet

Question 45

arrhenius acid

Answer 45

Forms H+in solution

Question 46

arrhenius base

Answer 46

forms OH- in solution

Question 47

Bronsted Lowry Acid

Answer 47

proton donor

Question 48

Bronsted Lowry Base

Answer 48

Proton acceptor

Question 49

kw=?=?

Answer 49

ka*kb=10^-14

Question 50

stong acid Ka is (greater/less) than 1

Answer 50

greater

Question 51

weak acid Ka is (greater/less) than 1

Answer 51

less

Question 52

stong acid pKa is (greater/less) than 0

Answer 52

less

Question 53

weak acid pKa is (greater/less) than 0

Answer 53

greater

Question 54

six common strong acids

Answer 54

HCl, HBr, HI, H2SO4, HClO4, HNO3

Question 55

5 common weak acids

Answer 55

H3PO4, H2SO3, HCN, CH3COOH, HF

Question 56

HCN pKa

Answer 56

9.3

Question 57

HF pKa

Answer 57

1.4

Question 58

H3O+ pKa

Answer 58

0

Question 59

HCl pka

Answer 59

-9.3

Question 60

HI pKa

Answer 60

-12.4

Question 61

strong acid pKa must be measured for relative strength with ?

Answer 61

less basic solvent than water

Question 62

Nobel prize for superacids

Answer 62

George Olah

Question 63

lewis acid

Answer 63

e- pair acceptor

Question 64

lewis base

Answer 64

e- pair donor

Question 65

all lewis acids are also bronsted acids? (t/f)

Answer 65

false

Question 66

all bronsted acids are also lewis acids? (t/f)

Answer 66

true

Question 67

lux flood acid

Answer 67

oxide ion acceptor

Question 68

lux flood base

Answer 68

oxide ion donor

Question 69

solvent system acid

Answer 69

cation resulting from autodissociation

Question 70

solvent system base

Answer 70

anion resulting for autodissociation

Question 71

aluminum was produced in ?AD by ?

Answer 71

~1800AD by electrolysis

Question 72

in an ellingham diagram, the slope is equal to ?

Answer 72

-dS

Question 73

magnitude of slope of ellingham diagram is equal to ? of the redox couple

Answer 73

standard potential

Question 74

reduction occurs to the (left/right) in an ellingham diagram

Answer 74

left

Question 75

Two caveats of Frost diagrams

Answer 75

1) diagrams usually just list comparative free energies under standard conditions (disregards pH dependence) 2) Say nothing about rates of change

Question 76

solvent leveling effect

Answer 76

makes measured pKa equal for all strong acid solutes

Question 77

acidic anhydrides (BOx) are more acidic when ?(2)

Answer 77

B is more electronegative and x is higher

Question 78

summarized concepts observed by Berzellius

Answer 78

Pearson