Test 3

Question 1

Sketch the events of actin movement in skeletal movement

Answer 1

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Question 2

What on sarcomeres cover actin binding sites and what binds to sarcomers and where to cause movement

Answer 2

Tropomyosin covers binding sites, and Ca+2 binds to troponin to cause movement

Question 3

Sketch the events that cause NT release deep in a cell

Answer 3

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Question 4

What is isotonic vs isometric movement

Answer 4

Isometric movement is when there is no seeable movement while isotonic movement is noticable change

Question 5

Sketch the myotactic reflex

Answer 5

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Question 6

What are the events of mysoin movement with smooth muscle

Answer 6

Ca+2 binds to calmodulin which the binds to MLCK. This complex puts a phosphate onto the myosin head then ATP comes in and splits into a phosphate and ADP to cause movement similar to with skeletal muscle

Question 7

Why does O2 not enter water easily and leave water easily

Answer 7

H bonds (+ charge on H and - charge on O) push O2 out and leave no room of O2 to enter the cell

Question 8

When is bulk flow efficient

Answer 8

Only when the travel distance is short

Question 9

Sketch O2 diffusing to cells

Answer 9

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Question 10

What does an O2 dissociation curve look like for Hg

Answer 10

% of O2 saturation on the Y scale and mmHg on the X. Once saturation reaches 80 mmHg it is at 100% saturation

Question 11

What does an O2 dissociation curve for myoglobin look like

Answer 11

% of O2 saturation on the Y scale and mmHg on the X. Once saturation reaches ~30 mmHg it is at 100% saturation

Question 12

Sketch was the conversion of CO2 into its different forms in the body

Answer 12

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Question 13

What does counter current exchange look like in gills

Answer 13

Deoxy blood goes in from the right joining with water to then leave the gills as oxygenated blood; can remove up to 80% or more of the oxygen from the water

Question 14

Sketch bird lungs and the counter current exchange in the parabronchi

Answer 14

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Question 15

What are the solute concentrations in a mammal kidney and what is the relationship between mOsm and molarity

Answer 15

300, 700, 1400; highest concentration in the middle. mOsm is molarity multiplied by the number of molecules

Question 16

Sketch a fish heart and what contraction looks like

Answer 16

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Question 17

Sketch a mammal heart and explain what causes an AP in a heart

Answer 17

SA node contracts first sending APs to the left atrium through cardiac muscle causing atrial contractions there is a brief delay before the AV node causes contractions in the ventricles. Right ventricle contracts first to get deoxygenated blood to the lungs once empty, the left ventricle contracts with a higher pressure to get oxygenated blood to the system

Question 18

Sketch a reptile heart and explain how contraction works

Answer 18

Shape of heart keeps the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate; once most of the deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs higher pressure is used to get oxygenated blood to the system

Question 19

What causes waste molecules to enter Bowman’s capsule

Answer 19

Blood capillaries are very leaky so small molecules leak out and go into the capsule

Question 20

What happens in the proximate convoluted tubule of the kidney

Answer 20

H2O leaves along with Na+ and AA/Glu, Ca+2, and K+ leaving a concentration of 300 mmHg

Question 21

What happens in the descending loop of Henle of the kidney

Answer 21

Aquaporins are used to collect water from the kidney and into the blood creating a concentration of 1200 mmHg in the kidney while the blood goes from 1400 mmHg to 302 mmHg

Question 22

What happens in the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney

Answer 22

Cl- (channels) and Na+ (active transport) leave the kidney bringing the kidney concentration to ~60 mmHg and the blood from 500 to 1300 mmHg

Question 23

What happens in the distal convoluted tubule

Answer 23

waste enters into the kidney while Na+ and AA/glu leave via secondary transport and Ca+2 leaves concentration remains at ~60 mmHg

Question 24

What happens in the collecting duct of the kidney

Answer 24

If dehydrated the body creates aquaporins by secreting ADH which via a GCPR creates cAMP which goes to PKA to phosphorylate AQ2 which binds to the cell membrane to create AQ2 aquaportins to allow H2O into the cell and then use AQ4 to release H2O into the ECM

Question 25

How do Malpighian tubules work

Answer 25

The tubules have cell that use channels to let in K+ and Cl- to enter the cell then uses channels to let Cl- into the tube and active transport to let K+ into the tube; H20 enters between the cells. Uric acid is in the area and as H2O leaves along with Cl- (channel) and K+ (active then Na+/K+ transporter) to leave the tubules. This causes the acid to crystalize creating dry excrement

Question 26

How does fetal Hb and H+ and 2,3 DPG affect the O2 dissociation curve hemoglobin

Answer 26

fetal Hb moves the curve to the left while H+ and 2,3 DPG moves it slightly to the right

Question 27

Draw the bacteria ruler

Answer 27

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Question 28

Sketch asynchronous insect flight

Answer 28

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