Test 3 Flashcards
Sketch the events of actin movement in skeletal movement
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What on sarcomeres cover actin binding sites and what binds to sarcomers and where to cause movement
Tropomyosin covers binding sites, and Ca+2 binds to troponin to cause movement
Sketch the events that cause NT release deep in a cell
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What is isotonic vs isometric movement
Isometric movement is when there is no seeable movement while isotonic movement is noticable change
Sketch the myotactic reflex
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What are the events of mysoin movement with smooth muscle
Ca+2 binds to calmodulin which the binds to MLCK. This complex puts a phosphate onto the myosin head then ATP comes in and splits into a phosphate and ADP to cause movement similar to with skeletal muscle
Why does O2 not enter water easily and leave water easily
H bonds (+ charge on H and - charge on O) push O2 out and leave no room of O2 to enter the cell
When is bulk flow efficient
Only when the travel distance is short
Sketch O2 diffusing to cells
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What does an O2 dissociation curve look like for Hg
% of O2 saturation on the Y scale and mmHg on the X. Once saturation reaches 80 mmHg it is at 100% saturation
What does an O2 dissociation curve for myoglobin look like
% of O2 saturation on the Y scale and mmHg on the X. Once saturation reaches ~30 mmHg it is at 100% saturation
Sketch was the conversion of CO2 into its different forms in the body
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What does counter current exchange look like in gills
Deoxy blood goes in from the right joining with water to then leave the gills as oxygenated blood; can remove up to 80% or more of the oxygen from the water
Sketch bird lungs and the counter current exchange in the parabronchi
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What are the solute concentrations in a mammal kidney and what is the relationship between mOsm and molarity
300, 700, 1400; highest concentration in the middle. mOsm is molarity multiplied by the number of molecules
Sketch a fish heart and what contraction looks like
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Sketch a mammal heart and explain what causes an AP in a heart
SA node contracts first sending APs to the left atrium through cardiac muscle causing atrial contractions there is a brief delay before the AV node causes contractions in the ventricles. Right ventricle contracts first to get deoxygenated blood to the lungs once empty, the left ventricle contracts with a higher pressure to get oxygenated blood to the system
Sketch a reptile heart and explain how contraction works
Shape of heart keeps the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate; once most of the deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs higher pressure is used to get oxygenated blood to the system
What causes waste molecules to enter Bowman’s capsule
Blood capillaries are very leaky so small molecules leak out and go into the capsule
What happens in the proximate convoluted tubule of the kidney
H2O leaves along with Na+ and AA/Glu, Ca+2, and K+ leaving a concentration of 300 mmHg
What happens in the descending loop of Henle of the kidney
Aquaporins are used to collect water from the kidney and into the blood creating a concentration of 1200 mmHg in the kidney while the blood goes from 1400 mmHg to 302 mmHg
What happens in the ascending loop of Henle in the kidney
Cl- (channels) and Na+ (active transport) leave the kidney bringing the kidney concentration to ~60 mmHg and the blood from 500 to 1300 mmHg
What happens in the distal convoluted tubule
waste enters into the kidney while Na+ and AA/glu leave via secondary transport and Ca+2 leaves concentration remains at ~60 mmHg
What happens in the collecting duct of the kidney
If dehydrated the body creates aquaporins by secreting ADH which via a GCPR creates cAMP which goes to PKA to phosphorylate AQ2 which binds to the cell membrane to create AQ2 aquaportins to allow H2O into the cell and then use AQ4 to release H2O into the ECM
How do Malpighian tubules work
The tubules have cell that use channels to let in K+ and Cl- to enter the cell then uses channels to let Cl- into the tube and active transport to let K+ into the tube; H20 enters between the cells. Uric acid is in the area and as H2O leaves along with Cl- (channel) and K+ (active then Na+/K+ transporter) to leave the tubules. This causes the acid to crystalize creating dry excrement
How does fetal Hb and H+ and 2,3 DPG affect the O2 dissociation curve hemoglobin
fetal Hb moves the curve to the left while H+ and 2,3 DPG moves it slightly to the right
Draw the bacteria ruler
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Sketch asynchronous insect flight
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