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Evolutionary Psychology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cohen’s d

A

standardized mean difference measuring effect

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2
Q

d = .2

A

small difference

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3
Q

d = .8

A

large difference

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4
Q

Age of sex difference in aggression

A

age 2-4 years
decreases for both sexes as they grow up

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5
Q

Males aggression

A

higher total aggression
higher physical aggression

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6
Q

Dinsdale, Reddon, and Hurd

A

males had greater levels of total aggression
anger does not have significant sex difference in aggression type
does not contradict aaron sell

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7
Q

Aaron Sell

A

Males aggression is linked to physical dominance
Female aggression is linked to attractiveness

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8
Q

Odds ratio

A

probability of an outcome of an event when there are 2 possible outcomes

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9
Q

odds ratio = 1

A

equal odds for men and women

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10
Q

odds ratio of <1

A

of men fighting/# of women fighting

higher odds for women
if effect of males/effect of females

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11
Q

odds ratio of >1

A

higher odds for men
if effect of males/effect of females

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12
Q

Martin Daly and Margo Wilson

A

evolutionary psychologists who investigated aggression in their book Homicide

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13
Q

Advantages of studying lethal aggression from evolutionary perspective

A

show severe and genuine conflict
creates minimal biases in detection and reporting
heavily studied because of the social cost
massive amounts of data in time, place, and history to see patterns of adaptive structuring

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14
Q

Daly and Wilson’s key prediction on homicide

A

genetic relatedness matters

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15
Q

Methodological challenge when testing homicide in genetically related individuals

A

how to address the fact that there are differences in availability/mutual access across relationship types

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16
Q

Daly and Wilson approaches to solve methodological challenge

A

calculating homicide risk by relationship using cohabitants only, and testing collaborative homicide (co-offenders)

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17
Q

Homicide among cohabitants

A

risk highest for spouses and non-relatives

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18
Q

Genetic relatives more likely to be co-offenders or victim-offenders?

A

co-offenders
consistent with inclusive fitness theory

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19
Q

Cohabitants and collaborative killing bias

A

step siblings/step parents are lumped into the “offspring” “parents” and “relatives” categories, removing step-siblings/step parents would increase the amount of killings by non-relatives.

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20
Q

Motivation driving homicide

A

trivial altercations and insults
male honor, status, and reputation are really what is at stake

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21
Q

Homicide trends

A
  1. people kill people of about the same age
  2. mass of killings occur among adults aged 15-20
  3. mass of homicides reflecting adults age 20-40 killing children age 0-6, with very young (<1) children most at risk
  4. small crest indicating young adults that prey upon elderly (eldercide)
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22
Q

Frequent age-related homicide dominated by family members

A

age of victim was young and age of family member ranged from 10-50, suggest killing of their children
AND age of victim was high, age 80-100, and age of offender was younger, 40-80, suggesting killing of older parents

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23
Q

Uxoricide

A

killing of the wife by a husband

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24
Q

fillicide

A

killing of a son/daughter over the age of 1

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25
Q

Theory of male sexual proprietariness

A

male psychology influenced by the threat of cuckoldry and problem of paternity uncertainty which produced selective pressures to control female reproduction to neutralize threats

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26
Q

Relationship between residency and uxoricide

A

men kill wives they are separated from at double the rate of wives they co-reside with which can be explained by male mate control due to extreme jealousy/coercion

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27
Q

Relationship between female reproductive value and uxoricide

A

uxoricide is highest for young wives when reproductive value is highest because men want to control their reproduction

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28
Q

Potential confound of female uxoricide risk and age

A

young women are more likely to be murdered by husbands because husbands are also young, and young men do most of the killing

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29
Q

evidence against confound of female uxoricide risk

A

risk of uxoricide is elevated with older husbands
presence of step children increase uxoricide risk

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30
Q

Function of male infanticide

A

induce earlier resumption of female estrus, force women to be ready to bear children again quicker
select for female counter-strategy of multi-male mating to confuse paternity

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31
Q

Polygyny vs monogamy has more infanticide?

A

polygyny has higher male infanticide

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32
Q

Increased sex ratio (more females than males) has higher infanticide?

A

more females has higher male infanticide

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33
Q

increased reproductive skew (dominant male sires a larger percentage of offspring than other males) has higher infanticide?

A

increased reproductive skew has higher male infanticide
especially if keep power for short time periods

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34
Q

larger testicles has more infanticide?

A

large testicles has lower male infanticide

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35
Q

paternity confusion

A

when females mate with multiple males so they are unable to be certain whose child it is
prevents male infanticide because they do not want to risk killing their own offspring

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36
Q

partible paternity

A

belief that more than one man can contribute to the conception of a fetus
more frequently found in traditional societies of lowland South America

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37
Q

hypothesized function for human filicide/infanticide

A

paternity uncertainty, inclusive fitness/genetic relatedness, managing tradeoffs between current and future reproduction, offspring sex, threat to father

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38
Q

paternity uncertainty/genetic relatedness

A

18% attributed to fact that the child was not the parent’s own

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39
Q

limited resources

A

50% were attributed to unfavorable circumstances (twins, too many children, no male support, being unwed)
STRONGEST SUPPORTED FACTOR

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40
Q

infant viability

A

19% were attributed to infants being deformed or very ill

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41
Q

maternal age

A

reproductive value of the women

42
Q

offspring sex

A

4% were attributed to the female sex of the infant, but no instances of male sex being cause of infanticide

43
Q

Trivers-Willard hypothesis

A

when conditions are favorable, females of a species are expected to give birth to songs, but when conditions are unfavorable, females are expected to give birth to daughters
high quality male can have more offspring than high quality female (evidence is lacking)

44
Q

greatest risk factor for children for filicide

A

being a stepchild, having a stepparent

45
Q

Confounding factors of high rate of stepchildren filicide

A

many genetic fathers do not live with their children
stepfathers of young children tend to be younger than the father (younger men are more violent)
adjusted, stepfathers look much less lethal

46
Q

Thomas Hobbes theory on human nature

A

believed people are naturally violent and strong institutions are needed to curb violence

47
Q

Jean-jacques Rousseau

A

believed that people are naturally peaceful and benevolent, institutions are the problems creating inequality and promoting violence

48
Q

lethal aggression operationalized

A

increases from mammals to primate to gorillas, chimpanzees, and homo sapiens

49
Q

estimated rate of lethal aggression in ancestor of all mammals

A

.3%

50
Q

estimated rate of lethal aggression in ancestor of all humans

A

2%

51
Q

factors associated with evolution of greater lethal aggression in mammals

A

lethal aggression is higher in territorial species compared to non-territorial species
higher for social species compared to solitary species

52
Q

Violence in historical age compared to modern age

A

violence has decreased in the modern age which support Hobbes’s idea that strong institutions are needed to stop violence

53
Q

sociobiologist that suggested violence in Europe has steadily declined

A

Norbert Elias author of The Civilizing Process

54
Q

who introduced parent-offspring conflict theory to biology

A

robert trivers

55
Q

key conclusions from parent-offspring conflict theory

A

extends implications of gene-centric thinking, and Hamiltonian inclusive fitness
children will tend to want more than is optimal for parents to provide

56
Q

Developmental transitions expected to be intense period of conflict

A

transitional periods such as weaning, indicated a shift in mother’s investment from current to future offspring

57
Q

Biologist that extended parent-offspring conflict to maternal-fetal relationship

A

david haig

58
Q

genetic conflicts on maternal-fetal relationship

A

genes that are in the mother but are not in the fetus
genes that are in the fetus that come from the mother
genes that are in the fetus that come from the father

59
Q

set of genes that weight the welfare of mother’s future offspring most strongly

A

genes that are in the mother but not in the fetus

60
Q

set of genes that weight the welfare of mother’s future offspring least strongly

A

genes that are in the fetus that come from the father

61
Q

pregnancy phenomena that are conflicts between mother and fetus

A

spontaneously abort unpromising fetuses before implantation, fetus send deceptively strong signals of viability
fetus release chemicals to manipulate maternal arteries, increase blood flow and resources to fetus but raise maternal blood pressure
optimal blood glucose levels can induce maternal diabetes, offspring of these mothers then to be larger than those of other mothers

62
Q

cooperation

A

behavior that provides a benefit to another individual and has evolved at least partially because of this benefit, mechanisms that evolved by natural selection to deliver benefits to others

63
Q

benefit delivery examples that are not cooperation

A

salmon leaps into bears mouth, beetle eats elephant poop, insects clump together

64
Q

why is cooperation an evolutionary problem?

A

declining average fitness after mutation

65
Q

2 approaches to solving problems of cooperation

A

search for indirect fitness benefits
search for direct fitness benefits

66
Q

by-product mutualism

A

helping others as a side effect of helping oneself

67
Q

examples of by-product mutualism

A

bugs gathering in a circle and territorial chorusing

68
Q

reward

A

both cooperate

69
Q

temptation

A

one defects

70
Q

sucker’s payoff

A

partner defects

71
Q

punishment

A

both defect

72
Q

one shot vs iterated prisoner’s dilemma

A

one shot is when game is played once, iterated is when it is repeated which allows for strategy based on past moves, allowing for reputation effects and retribution

73
Q

tit-for-tat strategy

A

co-operate on the first move, and never be the first to defect
if partner defects, retaliate
if partner returns to cooperation, forgive

74
Q

direct reciprocity

A

mechanism where people help those who have helped them in the past
will motivate the recipient to return the same benefit in the future

75
Q

who introduced direct reciprocity

A

robert trivers

76
Q

w>c/b

A

benefit of value b to recipient today at cost c
w = likelihood of future interaction

77
Q

hamilton’s rule

A

rxb>c
relatedness x benefit > cost

78
Q

3 conditions present in animal species characterized by reciprocal altruism

A

animal performing altruistic act must have reasonable chance of meeting recipient again to receive reciprocation
reciprocal altruists must be able to recognize each other and detect cheats
ratio cost to donor/benefit to receivers’ must be low

79
Q

3 conditions for reciprocal altruism in blood sharing vampire bats

A

stable groups, recognition, cost/benefit ratio low (small donation is highly valuable to recipient)

80
Q

Alternate explanation of blood sharing

A

could be harassmen, hungry bats beg to prevent well-feed bats from sleeping
blod sharing may normally involve kin, so sharing might be kin altruism

81
Q

Best predictor of amount of blood vampire bat shared with other individual

A

best predictor of amount A shared with B was amount B shared with A (more important than relatedness)
bats competed among themselves to share

82
Q

key takeaway from investigation of cooperation in prisoner’s dilemma game

A

more cooperation in the beginning when it was suspected to interact in the future

83
Q

public goods game

A

investigate the incentives of individuals who free-ride off individuals who are contributing to the common pool

84
Q

Key takeaway from paper on public goods game

A

Effectiveness of punishment varies with its cost
When punishment is cheap, it will be used readily until learning has taken place, then it becomes rare.
When punishment is expensive, it will be used less readily, and learning will be slower, so defection will be more persistent.

85
Q

indirect reciprocity

A

cooperator provides a benefit to recipient, recipient does not repay
cooperator acquires good reputation

86
Q

who introduced indirect reciprocity as mechanism for sustaining cooperation

A

richard alexander

87
Q

q>c/b

A

probability of knowing someone’s history of helpfulness (q) must exceed c/b

88
Q

study of generosity

A

men were more likely to be more generous when there was a women observing, women showed no difference based on observer

89
Q

Yoeli study on observing

A

people more likely to participate when they could be observed, effects were largest in conditions where reputational concerns were strongest
apartments stronger than houses, owners stronger than renters

90
Q

Hrushchka’s study of friendship

A

4 strongest characteristics of friendship: mutual aid, gift giving, positive affect, and need

91
Q

Function of friendship

A

generated by cognitive system that function to assemble support group for potential conflicts = alliance politics

92
Q

predictions on alliance politics

A

factors predicting how highly person A ranks person B as friend will be how highly person A thinks peron B ranks them
people will be motivated to conceal their friend rankings

93
Q

Results of function of friendship study

A

people have preference toward friends, people would mask preferences if points were made publicly available

94
Q

strongest predictor of friend rank

A

perceived rank

95
Q

tragedy of the commons

A

effect of free riders not contributing but are benefiting from the common good, will deplete the common good and lead people not to contribute

96
Q

cinderella syndrome

A

fear of independence will an unconscious desire to be taken care of by others

97
Q

age crime rate

A

crime in young men rapidly increases during adolescence and peaks at age 19
crime rates considerably higher for men than women because males drive for status and resources, which signals high reproductive value

98
Q

mutulaism or reciprocity

A

recipient gains, initiator gains

99
Q

selfishness/parasitism

A

recipient loses, initiator gains

100
Q

altruism

A

recipient gains, initiator loses

101
Q

spite

A

recipient loses, initiator loses

Evolutionary Psychology (2 decks)

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