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FINAL Flashcards

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1
Q

Anthropoid

A

group that includes monkeys, apes, and humans

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2
Q

Difference between monkey and an ape

A

monkeys have tails while apes do not

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3
Q

Pleistocene

A

2.6 mya to 11,700 ya

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4
Q

Holocene

A

11,700 ya to present

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5
Q

Pilocene

A

5.3 mya to 2.6 mya

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6
Q

Miocene

A

23 mya to 5.3 mya

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7
Q

What factor influences primates’ slow life history

A

development and maintenance of large brains

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8
Q

Primate species in increasing order of relatedness

A

gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, bonobos, chimpanzees

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9
Q

Oldest known species in the human family tree

A

homo erectus

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10
Q

Hominin species with apelike brain size and bipedality

A

Australopithecus afarensis

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11
Q

Species nicknamed the Handyman

A

Homo habilis (used some of the earliest stone tools)

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12
Q

First species to exhibit modern limb proportions

A

Homo ergaster (African variant)
Homo erectus (Asian variant)

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13
Q

Insular dwarfism

A

small body sized evolved in response to constrained environments

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14
Q

Insular dwarfism species

A

homo floreseinsis

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15
Q

Ancestor of both Neanderthals and modern humans

A

Homo neanderthalensis

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16
Q

When did Neanderthals live

A

200,000 to 30,000 years ago (Pleistocene)

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17
Q

What environments were Neanderthals adapted to

A

colder environments

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18
Q

Evidence suggesting Neanderthals interbred with modern humans

A

non-African human population carry portion of neanderthal DNA

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19
Q

When and where did anatomically modern humans emerge?

A

200,000 years from Africa

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20
Q

When is there clear evidence of successful migration out of Africa

A

70,000

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21
Q

Sexual dimorphism increases or decreases from Australopithecus afarensis to modern humans

A

Decrease

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22
Q

What species migrated out of Africa 2 million years ago

A

Homo erectus

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23
Q

Which evolved first bipedal locomotion or large brain size?

A

Bipedal locomotion, answered using Australophithecus

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24
Q

What factor transforms the human environment during the Holocene?

A

Intensive domestication of plants and animals

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25
Q

Jealousy

A

state aroused by a perceived threat to a valued relationship

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26
Q

Jealousy function

A

motivates behavior to counter the threat

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27
Q

What sex difference in jealousy is typically focused on?

A

sex differences in threats and triggers of mate jealousy

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28
Q

David Buss predict what sex difference

A

sex differences in jealousy related to sexual infidelity vs emotional infidelity

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29
Q

Methods and results of Buss (1992)

A

Asked individuals which infidelity would be more distressing. Men reported sexual infidelity as worse, and women reported emotional infidelity as worse.

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30
Q

Methodological difference between study 1 and study 2 in Buss (1992)

A

study 1 used a survey, study 2 used electrodermal activity, pulse rate, and EMG to measure physiological arousal

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31
Q

Function of male sexual jealousy

A

combat the costs of unknowingly investing resources in another man’s child

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32
Q

Characteristics of a partner associated with increasing mate retention behaviors

A

presence or absence of competitors, mate value of potential competitors compared to husband’s, wife’s behavior, wife’s age, husband’s mate value, unfaithfulness, youthfulness, and physical attractiveness.

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33
Q

Characteristics of a partner associated with women increasing mate retention behaviors

A

income and status striving of the spouse

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34
Q

Male mate retention tactics

A

conceal partners, use intrasexual threats and violence

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35
Q

Association between spouse’s age and mate retention tactics among men

A

older their mate, less mate retention tactics

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36
Q

Association between spouse’s status striving and mate retention tactics among women

A

more status striving, more mate retention tactics

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37
Q

Evolutionary psychologists linked to theory of male sexual proprietariness

A

Daly and Wilson

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38
Q

Sexual proprietary male psychologies

A

solutions to adaptive problems of male reproductive competition and potential misdirection of paternal investments

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39
Q

Cross-culture practices of male sexual proprietariness

A

socially recognized marriage framed as property transfer, adultery laws and norms, legal recognition of infidelity as a special provocation to male violence, valuation of female chastity, reliable emergence of harems, practices such as veiling

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40
Q

Book regarded as beginning of Darwinian medicine

A

Why we get sick by Randolph Nesse and George C Williams

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41
Q

2 principles of Darwinian medicine

A
  1. do not view diseases as adaptations
  2. symptoms are evolved responses of the body and generally do have a function
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42
Q

6 reasons people have evolved vulnerabilities to disease

A

mismatch and infection (evolution takes time), constraints and trade-offs (evolution can’t do everything), reproduction and defense responses (evolution doesn’t care if you feel good)

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43
Q

Psychological disorders result of environmental mismatch

A

Substance abuse disorders, eating disorders, and attention disorders. Diet culture, media, trauma, and weight teasing are all environmental factors that led to psychological disorders.

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44
Q

Smoke detector principle

A

defense responses, including aversive emotions, evolved to minimize the fitness costs of signal-detection errors. results in selection for over vs under activation.

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45
Q

Wakefield’s definition of mental disorder

A

harmful dysfunction

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46
Q

4 categories of mental disorders

A

Genetic-based developmental disorders, disorders brought on by aging (senescence), disorders caused by mismatch, and adaptive responses that are aversive

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47
Q

Genetic based developmental disorder

A

bipolar disorder, pre-60, low prevalence, high heritability, psychiatric

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48
Q

Disorders brought on by aging (senescence)

A

Parkinson’s disease, post-60, low prevalence, low heritability, neurological

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49
Q

Disorders caused by mismatch

A

ADHD, pre-60, high prevalence, low heritability, psychiatric

50
Q

Adaptive responses that are aversive

A

PTSD, pre-60, high prevalence, low heritability, psychiatric

51
Q

Neurological disorder

A

focused on cognitive and behavioral abnormalities (something wrong in nervous system biology)

52
Q

Psychiatric disorders

A

focused on mood and thought (no clear link to biology)

53
Q

Ed Hagen metaphor

A

Depression is like going on strike

54
Q

Negotiating tactics for depression

A

losing interest in all activities and risking one’s life

55
Q

PPD not entirely due to hormonal dysfunction

A

PPD affects both men and women

56
Q

5 factors that cause PPD

A

poor infant viability, few resources, low social support, high opportunity costs, social constraints on decision-making

57
Q

Depression began with what observation

A

caused by adversity

58
Q

Prevalence of depression

A

major depression prevalence much higher than schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, dementia, Parkinson’s. Depression is pathological

59
Q

depression not solely conceptualized as pathological disorder

A

not chronic, resolves itself within a few months to a year, symptoms accounted for a normal reaction to psychosocial stressor

60
Q

Psychological pain hypothesis

A

the function of psychological pain is analogous to that of physical pain, focuses individual attention on social events causing pain, and promotes evaluation of future courses of action

61
Q

2 symptoms of depression unaddressed by pain hypothesis

A
  1. loss of interest in all activities
  2. suicidality
62
Q

Costly signal of need

A

people with poor fitness prospects, losing interest in activities/risking one’s life is relatively low cost. Only genuinely fitness-poor individuals can afford to send the signal.

63
Q

Credible sadness

A

costly to send these signals unless it is true. Social partners will respond to these signals because they are reliable

64
Q

Depression similar and different from anger

A

depression similar to anger because they function to inflict a cost on social partners in order to resolve conflict in actor’s favor. Depression is different because it is the tactic of the powerless.

65
Q

How should partners respond to depression

A

partners should increase victim support and improve victim circumstances

66
Q

Sex differences in depression

A

females are at higher risk of depression. Men tend to bargain with anger and women bargain with depression. 63% of sex differences can be explained

67
Q

Inclusive fitness model of depression

A

successful suicide increase the inclusive fitness of low reproductive value individuals who are a burden on kin

68
Q

Bargaining model

A

suicide attempts are costly signals of need; successful suicides are a by-product
better supported by data on suicide in the US

69
Q

Cross-culture test of bargaining and inclusive fitness model

A

cross cultural data does not support idea that suicide attempts are higher than completions. Bargaining model more supported overall

70
Q

How does inclusive fitness model relate to environmental conditions

A

extreme latitudes (artic) increase support for inclusive fitness model due to harsh environments

71
Q

3 key variables for the bargaining model of depression

A

fitness threat, powerlessness, and conflict (across culture)

72
Q

Expedition to the artic reveal about human nature

A

culture is the secret to success

73
Q

culture

A

information that is acquired from other individuals via social transmission mechanisms such as imitation, teaching, or language

74
Q

Horizontal transmission

A

transmission via unrelated members of the same generation

75
Q

Oblique transmission

A

transmission from unrelated members of the parental generation

76
Q

Vertical transmission

A

transmission from biological parents to children

77
Q

Evidence that chimpanzees exhibited culture

A

behavior patterns of wild chimpanzees were habitual in some communities, but absent in others where ecological variation could not be the cause

78
Q

Chimpanzee behaviors that are understood to be cultural

A

too usage behaviors, grooming, and courtship

79
Q

Human culture differs from chimpanzee culture

A

Human culture is cumulative

80
Q

Individual variation in culture

A

political and religious belief, socially acquired skills, and learned knowledge

81
Q

Differential fitness/competition in culture

A

individual limitations on the amount of knowledge and information retained (constraints of memory and time), extinction of technology (loss of bone tools and fishing)

82
Q

Inheritance in culture

A

immigrants pass down values and strong parent-offspring correlation in traits

83
Q

Examples of loss of culture and technology complexity

A

changing/disappearance over time of certain words and phrases “gag me with a spoon” “lit”

84
Q

Examples of convergent evolution

A

similar nature of the flight/wings of insects, birds, pterosaurs, and bats

85
Q

2 features of neo-Darwinian evolution

A

particulate inheritance and non-Lamarckian inheritence

86
Q

Particulate inheritance

A

pattern of inheritance showing phenotypic traits can be passed from generation to generation through genes

87
Q

Meme

A

discrete unit of cultural inheritance, coined by Richard Dawkins

88
Q

Lamarckian inheritance

A

changes to the individual during its lifetime are transmitted to its genotype and passed on

89
Q

Dual inheritance theory

A

adaptive behavior derives from both cultural and genetic inheritance

90
Q

Conformist bias

A

imitates the most frequent behavior in the local population (imitation = information free-riding)

91
Q

Prestige bias

A

imitates models who are locally successful

92
Q

Selective learning

A

learn directly from the environment in some cases, imitate in other cases

93
Q

Prestige

A

attained by having specialist knowledge or skills that others wish to learn

94
Q

Dominant

A

individuals use threat or fear to gain influence over others

95
Q

Gene-culture coevolution

A

genes and culture evolve together, each constraining and driving the other, with emphasis on how cultural change can promote genetic change

96
Q

Pace of evolution and relationship to cultural change

A

culture drives genetic evolution

97
Q

4 components of religion

A
  1. beliefs pertaining to supernatural
  2. practices, including rituals
  3. ultimate concerns: transcendence, spirituality, the sacred
  4. Practices and beliefs often tie communities or people together
98
Q

Adaptationist claim

A

universality: religious belief and behavior reliably characterize virtually all known society
genetics: religiosity may be partly heritable
possible adaptive function: reduction of stress and anxiety, mitigation of existential dread/fear of death, enhancement of in-group cooperation

99
Q

By-product claim

A

universality: practices may be universal but not adaptions (ex: sports)
genetics: practice is a by-product
possible adaptive function: religion associated with costly practices that can jeopardize health, may increase dread, fear, or anxiety, in-group enhancement accompanied by out-group derogation, dehumanization along with coalitional conflict

100
Q

Religion like sports

A

adaptations involved in soccer by evolved for other purposes (perceptual and spatial skills, bodily coordination, coalitional psychology, status striving, and self-esteem mechanism)

101
Q

Adaptive systems activated by religion

A

attachment system, dominance and status, reciprocal altruism and social exchange, and kinship

102
Q

Cognitive scientists explain emergence of widespread belief in supernatural agents

A

emerged as by-product of domain-specific cognitive adaptions for understanding distinct aspects of the world

103
Q

Animism

A

belief that life force animates objects in nature

104
Q

Anthropormorphism

A

theory of mind misapplied to non-human objects

105
Q

3 characteristics of religions that promote social transmission of ideas and behaviors

A
  1. involve costly signals of commitment
  2. costly displays in the forms of rituals, offerings, sacrifices, and martyrdom help spread commitment
  3. discount hypocrisy
    religious ideas are minimally counterintuitive
106
Q

credibility-enhancing displays (CREDs) examples in religion

A

building mosques, temples, and synagogues

107
Q

Costly signals of commitment examples in religion

A

participating in rituals

108
Q

Basic ideas of “Big Gods”

A

religions marked by powerful moralizing deities promote pro sociality and contribute to rise of large-scale human societies

109
Q

Link between social complexity and moralizing high gods

A

social complexity robustly associated with moralizing gods, even after controlling for religion, time, language, and other factors

110
Q

Beheim challenge the findings of Whitehouse, leading to retraction fo Whitehouse on what grounds

A

missing outcome data was coded as absent and reanalysis removed unknown outcomes

111
Q

Religious priming

A

presenting experimental participants with a stimulus that activates religious cognition, which influences behavior in other domains (explicit, implicit, subliminal, contextual)

112
Q

Explicit priming

A

overt presentation, but possible demand effects

113
Q

Implicit priming

A

more subtle, presumable no demand

114
Q

Methods of Shariff experiment on religious priming

A

participants may transfer sum of money, one group received religious priming and one group did not, proportion of endowment is interpreted as measure of generosity. 2nd study added the activity of descrambling sentences in both religious and nonreligious priming groups which were not present in the first study.

115
Q

Results of experiment on religious priming

A

people who are religiously primed give more by substantial amount compared to people who are not religiously primed. Religiously primed group gave more money than neutral priming group.

116
Q

Shariff (2016) study of religious priming and prosocial behavior

A

average effect in favor of religiously primed participants to have more prosocial behaviors

117
Q

Van Elk’s study about religious priming and prosocial behavior

A

the more people in the study, the more accurate the study. The results converge to zero effect or negative effect so not clear if there is an effect

118
Q

Billingsley (2018) technique used to prime participants implicitly and explicitly

A

implicit = scrambled-sentence tasks, explicit = essays

119
Q

Implicit priming affect on prosocial behavior

A

implicit priming did not increase prosocial behavior in either religious and non-religious individuals

120
Q

Explicit priming affect on prosocial behavior

A

explicit priming did not increase prosocial behavior for non-religious individuals, but it might have increased prosocial behavior for religious individuals

Evolutionary Psychology (2 decks)

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