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Environment and Sustainability > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a watershed and what are other names for it

A

Area of land above a point that contributes water that eventaully passes that same point; AKA drainage basin or catchment

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2
Q

What is a drainage divide

A

high point from which water flows towards a point

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3
Q

What area of the US can water fall and never go to an ocean

A

the highlands

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4
Q

Where do most of Virginia’s watersheds lead

A

most go into the Atlantic but some go into the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico

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5
Q

What makes it hard to maintain watershed quality

A

watersheds don’t follow state or county boundaries so policies are hard to keep the same along with airsheds that covers multiple states

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6
Q

What watershed is WM

A

College creek of the James river of the Chesapeake bay of the Atlantic Ocean

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7
Q

What are some pollutants of Lake matoaka

A

Fertilizer, sewage, road run-off from oil and things like heavy metals from airsheds

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8
Q

What are some current problems with the Chesapeake bay

A

Fishery declines, submerged aquatic vegeatation declines, dissolved oxygen levels

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9
Q

How can we find out when declines in watersheds started

A

Take a core from the bay and look at O levels and organic material

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10
Q

What is a non-excludable resource

A

resource that people can’t be stopped from using, even if entrants can be excluded, those with access will overconsume it

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11
Q

What is a rival resource

A

Use of the resource will make less of the resource available for others

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12
Q

How are fish are tragedy of the commons

A

Not fishing today will cost me but provide benefits to the group, but someone else will fish in my place.

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13
Q

What is the course of events of a fishery

A

There are a few fishers and lots of fish thus excellent catch, stocks begin to decline while catches remain relatively constant, stocks seriously decline and effort to catch remains the same but catch declines, stock collapses and fishers leave

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14
Q

What are the warning signs in a fishery

A

When entry is easy and exit is difficult (vessels can get into the business easily but are to finacially invested to leave) and when ecological conditions are unfavorable (there is a slow growing population so it won’t rebound as fast creating lots of uncertainty in stocks)

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15
Q

What is a TAC

A

total allowable catch which is when the size of the catch depends on competition and is not pre-assigned

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16
Q

How do time restictions with TACs work

A

Fishers are given an amount of time they are allowed to catch fish, fishers manage to catch more than managers think, time is resticted, and the root of the problem is not addressed

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17
Q

How do gear restrictions with TACs work

A

Managers prohibit the use of certain gear like nets sizes and number of crew

18
Q

How do property rights help oyster fishing

A

Fishers are given spatial rights over fishing grounds allowing reefs to attach to specific spots and reefs to managed wisely

19
Q

How do IFQs work

A

Individual fishing quotas work by dividing the TAC amongst fishers causing fishers to fish at their leisure making them more profitable and benefiting stock but may not be fair or prevent some from fishing

20
Q

What is anoxia

A

Lack of oxygen

21
Q

What is eutrophication

A

too mcuh nutrients causing excess growth

22
Q

How does eutrophication work

A

Plants produce CO2 and H2O which is converted by the sun into CH2O and O2 allow algae growth which whne dead takes in O killing fish

23
Q

Looking at pollen cores what did Cooper and Brush find

A

There was a rise in Ragweek in the 1760s which coincides with a decrease in oak likely due to cutting down oak to build

24
Q

How did Cooper and Brush calculate age of layers

A

used dated sediment and compared them discovering that around the 1800s the sedimentation rate rose by 5x

25
Q

What are the 3 biggest pollutants in the Chesapeake bay

A

nitrogen, phosphorous, and sediment

26
Q

What is the biggest source of sediment to the Chesapeake Bay

A

agriculture

27
Q

When did the CB go anoxic and how do we know that

A

1950 because that is when pyrite formed which forms in the absence of O

28
Q

What makes ag the biggest contributor to pollution of the CB

A

fertilizers which contain N,P, and K, manurem soil erosion from tilling

29
Q

Has there been a change in the CB due to efforts from the 1980s

A

Nope but there have been decreases in wastewater treatment plant pollution it’s just a small part of the pollution

30
Q

How do riparian buffers work

A

Stip of native vegetation meant to separate ag fields from water sources by stripping the ag water of pollutants but often doesn’t work due to gaps in the buffer

31
Q

Why are SAVs important

A

provide habitats for the lower parts of the food chain adn C storage and uses N and P as nutrition

32
Q

What are point sources

A

sources that release pollutants from discrete conveyances that is regulated

33
Q

What are nonpoint sources

A

combination of pollutants from large are like cars or ag runoff

34
Q

What are CAFOs

A

concentrated animal feeding operations which are required to have permits but only if a certain size and are rarely enforced

35
Q

How does the CAA try to regulate non point sources

A

By establishing TMDLs (total maximum daily loads) for nutrient and sediment-related pollution in each watershed

36
Q

Why does the CAAs regulations for non-point sources fail

A

Non-point sources are hard to track, those with large plots of private land tend to hold political power, and the government can’t buy private property at the necessary scale to affect water quality

37
Q

How does PES work

A

Payments for ecosystem services works to pay people or communities to take actions that increase levels of desired ecosystems on private land

38
Q

What is an easement

A

a private legal agreement between a trust and landowner specifying protection of land permanently, landowner gives up some rights to land, easement transfers with changes in ownership, and the government may provide tax benefits to landowner as benefits

39
Q

What is the issue with easements

A

Not enough financial resources to incentivize owners, monitoring is insufficient, failure in an easement would require legal action which takes time and money

40
Q

What does a Secci Disc measure

A

how cloudy the water is

41
Q

What contributed to increased hg levels around the 1850s? 1950s? late 1900s?

A

Gold production; WWII meal mining and production; post WWII economic expansion

42
Q

What are two natural reasons that southeastern VA is susceptible to soil erosion

A

VA is very wet allowing intense storms to wash soil away and it is a coastal plain which is predominantly loose sand, silt, and clay that easily erodes

Environment and Sustainability (4 decks)

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