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BIOL 2905 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

functions of microbes

A

protection from pathogens
train immune system to identify invading pathogens
boost immune system

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2
Q

immunology

A

study of protection from and response to foreign invading organisms and altered host cells

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3
Q

what does chronic inflammation cause

A

cancer

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4
Q

3 levels of immunity

A

anatomical and physiological barriers
innate immunity
adaptive immunity

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5
Q

innate immunity

A

responds within a few hours
no immunological memory
non specific

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6
Q

adaptive immunity

A

responds in a few days or start of recovery
specificity
immune memory
cannot be reinfected from the same disease

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7
Q

specificity

A

same strain of pathogen for immunity
can be infected with new strain

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8
Q

types of anatomical barriers

A

skin - outer layer of skin, normal flora, flushing, phospholipids
gastrointestinal tract - peristalsis, low pH, bile salts
naso-pharynx and eye - mucus, saliva, tears, lysozyme

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9
Q

lysozyme

A

destroys bacterial cells
cuts glucosamine - muramic acid linkages

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10
Q

which secretions that has an abundant of lysozyme

A

tears, saliva, human milk, mucus

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11
Q

when does specific and adaptive immunity works

A

specific response
immunological memory

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12
Q

what happens in humoral adaptive immunity

A

antigens induce a specific immune response and react with products of immune response
plasma cells produce antibodies to respond to foreign antigens binding to a specific antigens
antibodies destroy foreign pathogens

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13
Q

functions of antibodies

A

bind an antigen and counter its effects
neutralization
agglutination
precipitation
complement activation
opsonization

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14
Q

neutralization

A

antibodies bind to viruses and bacteria on their surface
for toxins, they bind to the binding part

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15
Q

how does toxins get neutralized

A

antibodies bind to the binding part (free protein) to prevent the toxin from binding to the surface to the cell

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16
Q

agglutination

A

antibodies target cells by clumping on surface of antigens

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17
Q

agglutination test

A

antigen agglutinated with antibodies, can see with naked eye
create complexes of cells

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18
Q

precipitation

A

create complexes of free molecules
can’t see with naked eye
measure of antigen or antibody in body fluids by degree of visible precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes in gel or in solution

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19
Q

complement activation

A

a process occurs on antibodies bound to a pathogen
makes holes in the pathogen membrane (lytic attack pathway)
membranes of body can also be affected

20
Q

opsonization

A

antibody binds to pathogen’s surface molecules and identify them to phagocyte cells

21
Q

immunological memory

A

ability of immune system to respond quicker and effectively to pathogens that they have encountered previously

22
Q

clonal selection

A

a step in humoral immunity that develops immunity to a specific foreign antigen

23
Q

primary immune response

A

produce effector and memory cells
immunoglobulin cells type m (IGM) makes b cells and switches to IGG (irreversible)

24
Q

secondary immune response

A

when you encounter the same antigen again and memory cells are initiated. it is mostly IGG cells

25
Q

vaccine

A

triggers active immunity but posing as foreign pathogens but harmless

26
Q

how to create vaccines

A

antibodies can be found in cells by separation of centrifuge. They are found at the top of the tube

27
Q

what does blood contain

A

cells and plasma

28
Q

passive immunity

A

antibodies, using plasma of a person
works immediately but antibody concentration decreases over time

29
Q

active immunity

A

activates cells within antigens, B cells
long term immunity, doesn’t work as fast and needs booster shots to improve immunity

30
Q

differnet modes of acquiring immunity

A

aquired immunity - natural (from mother) or artificial (use someone else’s antibodies)
active acquired immmunity - vaccinating and activating own cells

31
Q

differnet modes of acquiring immunity

A

aquired immunity - natural (from mother) or artificial (use someone else’s antibodies)
active acquired immunity - vaccinating and activating own cells

32
Q

what happened in 431 BC

A

Athens discovered immunity by facing a disease and discovering people who got it once can’t get it a second time

33
Q

variolation

A

inoculation - using a weak form of wild type organism
low concentration

34
Q

who discovered smallpox vaccine

A

Edward Jenner

35
Q

who discovered rabies vaccine and when

A

louis pasteur 1885

36
Q

why was Louis Pasteur’s discovery unethical

A

he manipulated data

37
Q

what is the modern day of vaccine

A

injecting weaker forms of virus

38
Q

herd immuninty

A

large portion of population becomes immune to a disease

39
Q

natural way to make vaccines

A

exposure to sub clinical infections

40
Q

artificial way to create vaccines

A

attenuated organisms
killed/ subunit organisms
small fragments
toxins/ toxoids

41
Q

what does attenuation mean

A

reduce the effect
- in this case the virus

42
Q

how to make live attenuated vaccines

A

use the virulent parental virus and attenuate it by adapting to different cells (animal cells). When it adapts, take the virus out and make a live attenuated vaccine. This will help make the virus weaker so that humans can build immunity better

43
Q

examples of live attenuated vaccines

A

MMR, Influenza, Polio, Varicella zoster, chicken pox

44
Q

MMR vaccine

A

can’t give birth if exposed to MMR virus
RNA virus
not a back mutation (not reversible)
human host

45
Q

influenza (2003)

A

no injection, spray only
for healthy and young population

BIOL 2905 (2 decks)

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