Test 3 Flashcards
functions of microbes
protection from pathogens
train immune system to identify invading pathogens
boost immune system
immunology
study of protection from and response to foreign invading organisms and altered host cells
what does chronic inflammation cause
cancer
3 levels of immunity
anatomical and physiological barriers
innate immunity
adaptive immunity
innate immunity
responds within a few hours
no immunological memory
non specific
adaptive immunity
responds in a few days or start of recovery
specificity
immune memory
cannot be reinfected from the same disease
specificity
same strain of pathogen for immunity
can be infected with new strain
types of anatomical barriers
skin - outer layer of skin, normal flora, flushing, phospholipids
gastrointestinal tract - peristalsis, low pH, bile salts
naso-pharynx and eye - mucus, saliva, tears, lysozyme
lysozyme
destroys bacterial cells
cuts glucosamine - muramic acid linkages
which secretions that has an abundant of lysozyme
tears, saliva, human milk, mucus
when does specific and adaptive immunity works
specific response
immunological memory
what happens in humoral adaptive immunity
antigens induce a specific immune response and react with products of immune response
plasma cells produce antibodies to respond to foreign antigens binding to a specific antigens
antibodies destroy foreign pathogens
functions of antibodies
bind an antigen and counter its effects
neutralization
agglutination
precipitation
complement activation
opsonization
neutralization
antibodies bind to viruses and bacteria on their surface
for toxins, they bind to the binding part
how does toxins get neutralized
antibodies bind to the binding part (free protein) to prevent the toxin from binding to the surface to the cell
agglutination
antibodies target cells by clumping on surface of antigens
agglutination test
antigen agglutinated with antibodies, can see with naked eye
create complexes of cells
precipitation
create complexes of free molecules
can’t see with naked eye
measure of antigen or antibody in body fluids by degree of visible precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes in gel or in solution
complement activation
a process occurs on antibodies bound to a pathogen
makes holes in the pathogen membrane (lytic attack pathway)
membranes of body can also be affected
opsonization
antibody binds to pathogen’s surface molecules and identify them to phagocyte cells
immunological memory
ability of immune system to respond quicker and effectively to pathogens that they have encountered previously
clonal selection
a step in humoral immunity that develops immunity to a specific foreign antigen
primary immune response
produce effector and memory cells
immunoglobulin cells type m (IGM) makes b cells and switches to IGG (irreversible)
secondary immune response
when you encounter the same antigen again and memory cells are initiated. it is mostly IGG cells
vaccine
triggers active immunity but posing as foreign pathogens but harmless
how to create vaccines
antibodies can be found in cells by separation of centrifuge. They are found at the top of the tube
what does blood contain
cells and plasma
passive immunity
antibodies, using plasma of a person
works immediately but antibody concentration decreases over time
active immunity
activates cells within antigens, B cells
long term immunity, doesn’t work as fast and needs booster shots to improve immunity
differnet modes of acquiring immunity
aquired immunity - natural (from mother) or artificial (use someone else’s antibodies)
active acquired immmunity - vaccinating and activating own cells
differnet modes of acquiring immunity
aquired immunity - natural (from mother) or artificial (use someone else’s antibodies)
active acquired immunity - vaccinating and activating own cells
what happened in 431 BC
Athens discovered immunity by facing a disease and discovering people who got it once can’t get it a second time
variolation
inoculation - using a weak form of wild type organism
low concentration
who discovered smallpox vaccine
Edward Jenner
who discovered rabies vaccine and when
louis pasteur 1885
why was Louis Pasteur’s discovery unethical
he manipulated data
what is the modern day of vaccine
injecting weaker forms of virus
herd immuninty
large portion of population becomes immune to a disease
natural way to make vaccines
exposure to sub clinical infections
artificial way to create vaccines
attenuated organisms
killed/ subunit organisms
small fragments
toxins/ toxoids
what does attenuation mean
reduce the effect
- in this case the virus
how to make live attenuated vaccines
use the virulent parental virus and attenuate it by adapting to different cells (animal cells). When it adapts, take the virus out and make a live attenuated vaccine. This will help make the virus weaker so that humans can build immunity better
examples of live attenuated vaccines
MMR, Influenza, Polio, Varicella zoster, chicken pox
MMR vaccine
can’t give birth if exposed to MMR virus
RNA virus
not a back mutation (not reversible)
human host
influenza (2003)
no injection, spray only
for healthy and young population
