Test 2 Flashcards
similar characteristics between unicellular and multicellular cells
DNA as genetic material
RNA
Proteins (enzymes)
Cell Membrane
Always reproducing
Requires energy (ATP)
Different cell characteristics
Cell size
Cell shape
TRUE OR FALSE. Viruses are cells
False. They are parasite of cells
Prokaryote cells do not have a lot of structure eukaryote cells have except for
Cell Wall
List the structures eukaryote cells have
Nucleus
RNA processing
Organelles
Which prokaryotes grow best under 20 degrees C
Psychrophiles
Where are psychrophiles found
Refrigerators, glaciers
Mesophiles
grows best in between 20-50 degrees C
which prokaryote can be found in the body
mesophiles
thermophiles
grows best above 50 degrees C
What are the prokaryote environmental conditions
Temperature
pH
Water
Salt
Oxygen
Nutrient
Acidophiles
grows best in acidic environments (ph1-2)
Grows best in basic pH
Alkaliphile
Aerobic Bacteria
Requires oxygen for growth
Anaerobic Bacteria
Doesn’t require oxygen for growth
Which bacteria can grow in absence of key nutrients
Cyanobacteria
Archaea
lives in extreme conditions
Which ones are crown organisms
Metazoans
Plants
fungi
Halophiles
able to live in high salt concentration
Where can you find methanogens
Round in wetlands, swamps, digestive system (rumen)
Any environment rich in methane
Yeast
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
used in food industry
Aerobic condition - baker’s yeast
Anaerobic condition - alcohol production
Can also be a human disease
Which microbes help produce penicillin
Molds
Unicellular, eukaryotes, no cell wall. Causes diseases. Helps with digestion and removing bacteria from waste water
Protozoa
Virus
parasite that uses functions of host cells
no cellular life
causes changes to cell and doesn’t follow central dogma
protein coat
protection, entry into cell
What are the roles of microbes
oxygen
waste breakdown
food production
drug preparation
making vitamins
digestion
protection against virulent microbes
turns inorganic molecules to organic compounds
microbes
why is microbes evolution linked to humans?
needs a host and 37 degree C
has spreading capacity
favours less or non-virulent microbes
are all microbes aggressive diseases
no
example of microbes that are diseases that last a long time
tuberculosis
example of microbes that don’t last long as a disease
ebola virus
Bioterrorism
intentional release of bacteria, viruses, or toxins for purpose of harming or killing people
Anthrax
through inhale, spore or drugs
can cause infections
inhalation symptoms are flu like
in CDC category A
how do you treat anthrax
ciprofloxacin
What’s in CDC Category A
Anthrax
Bubonic Plauge
Smallpox
Tularaemia
Viral haemorrhagic fevers
Botulinum Toxin
Cost effects of epidemic/ disease
healthcare system resources
research and development
What will first responders do in the event of a bioterrorist attack
Awareness
Report
When was smallpox eradicated
1980
What is the current issue with smallpox
because it was eradicated, smallpox is not given to the public and if it returns, it will kill many people
Oligo DNA synthesizer
builds nucleotides that could be used to recreate viruses
melting permafrost
bacteria that are frozen can come back if defrosted
polio
can live in body for a long time
great equilibrium with humans
Factors that affect emergence of disease
microbial adaptation
human behaviour
what human behaviour affects emergence of disease
international travel
sexual activity
changing ecosystems
wars
bioterrorism
susceptible to infection (poor sanitation and nutrition)
types of bacterial shape
rod (bacillus)
spiral (spirillum)
spherical (coccus)
neisseria
two cells attached
antibiotic resistance
streptococcus
can divide anywhere (side, pores, etc)
what is the function of a flagella
moves bacterium through rotation of tail
senses high concentration and moves towards it if it’s not toxic
chemotaxis
chemotaxis
movement towards or away from substances
fimbrae
surface of cell attached to substance
structure of bacteria
flagella, ribosomes, chromosome, capsule/ slime layer, cell wall, cytoplasm, plasmid (DNA)
Pili
long hollow tubules that are longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella
types of layers surrounding bacteria cell
slime layer
capsule
what are slime layers and capsules composed of
polysaccharides, polypeptides, or glycoproteins
function of capsule and slime layer
protect bacterial cells from engulfment
prevents drying
reserves carbohydrates
mediate adherence of cells to each others and to surfaces
biofilm
complex aggregation of microorganisms growing on solid substrate
more resistant because antibiotics have difficulty entering into bacterial cells
function of prokaryotic cell wall
resist osmotic stress
provides structure and shape
assist in attaching to other cells
what is peptidoglycan composed of
2 sugars - N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl Muramic acid (NAM)
what does NAM and NAG provide
rigidity
bacterial shape
structure
surrounds cell
cross linkage by tetrapeptide
gram negative
thin layer peptidoglycan
red
periplasmic space
cell wall (one layer)
gram positive
dark blue
thick layer peptidoglycan
no periplasmic space
cell wall (multiple layers)
chemicals produced by pathogen
toxins
endotoxins
proteins secreted by live pathogen
destroys cellular and extracellular structures
Part of live pathogens
LPS structure
O side chain
core polysaccharide
lipid a- composed of glycolipids
what associates with toxic activity in gram negative bacterium
lipid a
LPS function
inflammation
helps infection for gram negative bacteria
LPS as endotoxins
acute body inflammation
increased vascular permeability throughout body
what contains DNA, a large circular molecule of DNA, and has no nuclear membrane
prokaryotic cytoplasm
size of prokaryotic ribosomes
70S
where else can 70s ribosomes be found other than prokaryotes
mitochondria
endospores
formed by gram positive bacteria
always in survival state
viable for long time but doesn’t show signs of life
what is endospores resistant to
environmental stress - high heat, strong acids, irradiation
vertical gene transfer
spontaneous
induced by cancer treatment
bacteria is called a haploid because
one gene in each cell
mutation factors in bacteria
rapid growth rate
selective advantage enriches for mutants
horizontal gene transfer
unidirectional
donor doesn’t give entire chromosome
organisms from same generation
types of exchange of genetic information in bacteria
transformation
transduction
bacterial conjugation
transformation
DNA from dead bacteria
Transduction
exchange information by bacteriophage
Bacterial conjugation
by direct physical contact between cells
phage structure
nucleic acid
protein
how does phages infect
adsorption
irreversible attachment
sheath contraction
nucleic acid injection
DNA uptake
generalized transduction
transferring bacterial gene to another bacterium
conjugation
gene transfer from donor to recipient by direct physical contact between cells
sterilization
non selective, kills everything
disenfection
liquids that kill bacteria
too toxic on skin surfaces
antiseptics
uses alcohol/isopropanol or iodine on skin
reduces bacterial load
antibacterial agents
natural antibiotics (primitive medicine or herbal remedies)
antibiotics
natural substances secreted by one microorganism against other microorganisms
who discovered antibiotics
Flemings
types of Antibiotics
Bactericidal
Bacteriostatic
Bactericidal
irreversible
kills effected microbes
common use
bacteria is still resistant
Bacteriostatic
reversible growth inhibition
3 factors to select antibiotics
toxicity
effectivity
therapeutic index = toxic dose/ effective dose
what does spectrum of action show
broad spectrum of antimicrobials may allow secondary or superinfection to develop
when does bacteria start growing
<=0.8 ug/ml antibiotic
minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)
lowest concentration of antibiotics that kills 99.9% of original inoculum
which route of antibiotic administration will work right away
IV (intravenous) treatment
Which antibiotic administration will take a while to work
Oral treatment
what happens in inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis
penicillin prevents peptide bridge formation by binding to transpeptidase causing bacteria to burst after making a hole in the cell wall
list beta lactam antibiotics
penicillin
cephalosporin
monobactam
what does beta lactam antibiotics do
inhibits enzyme responsible for linking NAM-NAG chains
aminoglycosides
bactericidal
antibiotics that irreversibly binds to 30S ribosomal unit to freeze initiation complex and change shape so mRNA is misread
tetracyclines
bacteriostatic
binds to 30S ribosome and inhibits binding TRNA to acceptor site on 70S
Chloramphenicol
Bacteriostatic
binds to 50S to inhibit peptidyl transferase activity
toxic
Polymyxins
antifungal
disrupts cytoplasmic membrane where the hydrophobic side of drub binds to hydrophobic membrane to create a pore in membrane
function of rifampin
bind to DNA and inhibit initaiton of mRNA synthesis
bactericidal
used to tuberculosis
antimetabolite antibiotics
inhibitors of folic acid synthesis
types of antimetabolite antibiotics
sulfonamides
trimethoprim
Sulfonamides
inihbits enzyme PS and blocks DHF formation
bacteriostatic
Trimemthoprim
binds to enzyme DR and inhbits formation of THF
bacteriostatic
multiple resistance
pathogen can acquire resistance to more than one drug at a time
cross resistance
pathogen can acquire resistance to several antibiotics with a similar chemical structure
retarding resistance
limit use of antimicrobials to necessary cases
reasons for antibiotic resistance
misuse/ abuse
antibiotics policy in 3rd world countries
antibiotics were developed from natural products
which bacteria are drug resistant
acinetobacter
pseudomonas aeruginosa
staphylococcus (MRSA)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
mycobacterium tuberculosis
