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BIOL 2905 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

similar characteristics between unicellular and multicellular cells

A

DNA as genetic material
RNA
Proteins (enzymes)
Cell Membrane
Always reproducing
Requires energy (ATP)

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2
Q

Different cell characteristics

A

Cell size
Cell shape

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3
Q

TRUE OR FALSE. Viruses are cells

A

False. They are parasite of cells

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4
Q

Prokaryote cells do not have a lot of structure eukaryote cells have except for

A

Cell Wall

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5
Q

List the structures eukaryote cells have

A

Nucleus
RNA processing
Organelles

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6
Q

Which prokaryotes grow best under 20 degrees C

A

Psychrophiles

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7
Q

Where are psychrophiles found

A

Refrigerators, glaciers

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8
Q

Mesophiles

A

grows best in between 20-50 degrees C

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9
Q

which prokaryote can be found in the body

A

mesophiles

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10
Q

thermophiles

A

grows best above 50 degrees C

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11
Q

What are the prokaryote environmental conditions

A

Temperature
pH
Water
Salt
Oxygen
Nutrient

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12
Q

Acidophiles

A

grows best in acidic environments (ph1-2)

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13
Q

Grows best in basic pH

A

Alkaliphile

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14
Q

Aerobic Bacteria

A

Requires oxygen for growth

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15
Q

Anaerobic Bacteria

A

Doesn’t require oxygen for growth

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16
Q

Which bacteria can grow in absence of key nutrients

A

Cyanobacteria

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17
Q

Archaea

A

lives in extreme conditions

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18
Q

Which ones are crown organisms

A

Metazoans
Plants
fungi

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19
Q

Halophiles

A

able to live in high salt concentration

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20
Q

Where can you find methanogens

A

Round in wetlands, swamps, digestive system (rumen)
Any environment rich in methane

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21
Q

Yeast

A

Fungi
Eukaryotic
Unicellular
used in food industry
Aerobic condition - baker’s yeast
Anaerobic condition - alcohol production
Can also be a human disease

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22
Q

Which microbes help produce penicillin

A

Molds

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23
Q

Unicellular, eukaryotes, no cell wall. Causes diseases. Helps with digestion and removing bacteria from waste water

A

Protozoa

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24
Q

Virus

A

parasite that uses functions of host cells
no cellular life
causes changes to cell and doesn’t follow central dogma

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25
Q

protein coat

A

protection, entry into cell

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26
Q

What are the roles of microbes

A

oxygen
waste breakdown
food production
drug preparation
making vitamins
digestion
protection against virulent microbes

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27
Q

turns inorganic molecules to organic compounds

A

microbes

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28
Q

why is microbes evolution linked to humans?

A

needs a host and 37 degree C
has spreading capacity
favours less or non-virulent microbes

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29
Q

are all microbes aggressive diseases

A

no

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30
Q

example of microbes that are diseases that last a long time

A

tuberculosis

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31
Q

example of microbes that don’t last long as a disease

A

ebola virus

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32
Q

Bioterrorism

A

intentional release of bacteria, viruses, or toxins for purpose of harming or killing people

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33
Q

Anthrax

A

through inhale, spore or drugs
can cause infections
inhalation symptoms are flu like
in CDC category A

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34
Q

how do you treat anthrax

A

ciprofloxacin

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35
Q

What’s in CDC Category A

A

Anthrax
Bubonic Plauge
Smallpox
Tularaemia
Viral haemorrhagic fevers
Botulinum Toxin

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36
Q

Cost effects of epidemic/ disease

A

healthcare system resources
research and development

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37
Q

What will first responders do in the event of a bioterrorist attack

A

Awareness
Report

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38
Q

When was smallpox eradicated

A

1980

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39
Q

What is the current issue with smallpox

A

because it was eradicated, smallpox is not given to the public and if it returns, it will kill many people

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40
Q

Oligo DNA synthesizer

A

builds nucleotides that could be used to recreate viruses

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41
Q

melting permafrost

A

bacteria that are frozen can come back if defrosted

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42
Q

polio

A

can live in body for a long time
great equilibrium with humans

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43
Q

Factors that affect emergence of disease

A

microbial adaptation
human behaviour

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44
Q

what human behaviour affects emergence of disease

A

international travel
sexual activity
changing ecosystems
wars
bioterrorism
susceptible to infection (poor sanitation and nutrition)

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45
Q

types of bacterial shape

A

rod (bacillus)
spiral (spirillum)
spherical (coccus)

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46
Q

neisseria

A

two cells attached
antibiotic resistance

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47
Q

streptococcus

A

can divide anywhere (side, pores, etc)

48
Q

what is the function of a flagella

A

moves bacterium through rotation of tail
senses high concentration and moves towards it if it’s not toxic
chemotaxis

49
Q

chemotaxis

A

movement towards or away from substances

50
Q

fimbrae

A

surface of cell attached to substance

51
Q

structure of bacteria

A

flagella, ribosomes, chromosome, capsule/ slime layer, cell wall, cytoplasm, plasmid (DNA)

52
Q

Pili

A

long hollow tubules that are longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella

53
Q

types of layers surrounding bacteria cell

A

slime layer
capsule

54
Q

what are slime layers and capsules composed of

A

polysaccharides, polypeptides, or glycoproteins

55
Q

function of capsule and slime layer

A

protect bacterial cells from engulfment
prevents drying
reserves carbohydrates
mediate adherence of cells to each others and to surfaces

56
Q

biofilm

A

complex aggregation of microorganisms growing on solid substrate
more resistant because antibiotics have difficulty entering into bacterial cells

57
Q

function of prokaryotic cell wall

A

resist osmotic stress
provides structure and shape
assist in attaching to other cells

58
Q

what is peptidoglycan composed of

A

2 sugars - N-acetyl glucosamine (NAG) and N-acetyl Muramic acid (NAM)

59
Q

what does NAM and NAG provide

A

rigidity
bacterial shape
structure
surrounds cell
cross linkage by tetrapeptide

60
Q

gram negative

A

thin layer peptidoglycan
red
periplasmic space
cell wall (one layer)

61
Q

gram positive

A

dark blue
thick layer peptidoglycan
no periplasmic space
cell wall (multiple layers)

62
Q

chemicals produced by pathogen

A

toxins

63
Q

endotoxins

A

proteins secreted by live pathogen
destroys cellular and extracellular structures
Part of live pathogens

64
Q

LPS structure

A

O side chain
core polysaccharide
lipid a- composed of glycolipids

65
Q

what associates with toxic activity in gram negative bacterium

A

lipid a

66
Q

LPS function

A

inflammation
helps infection for gram negative bacteria

67
Q

LPS as endotoxins

A

acute body inflammation
increased vascular permeability throughout body

68
Q

what contains DNA, a large circular molecule of DNA, and has no nuclear membrane

A

prokaryotic cytoplasm

69
Q

size of prokaryotic ribosomes

A

70S

70
Q

where else can 70s ribosomes be found other than prokaryotes

A

mitochondria

71
Q

endospores

A

formed by gram positive bacteria
always in survival state
viable for long time but doesn’t show signs of life

72
Q

what is endospores resistant to

A

environmental stress - high heat, strong acids, irradiation

73
Q

vertical gene transfer

A

spontaneous
induced by cancer treatment

74
Q

bacteria is called a haploid because

A

one gene in each cell

75
Q

mutation factors in bacteria

A

rapid growth rate
selective advantage enriches for mutants

76
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

unidirectional
donor doesn’t give entire chromosome
organisms from same generation

77
Q

types of exchange of genetic information in bacteria

A

transformation
transduction
bacterial conjugation

78
Q

transformation

A

DNA from dead bacteria

79
Q

Transduction

A

exchange information by bacteriophage

80
Q

Bacterial conjugation

A

by direct physical contact between cells

81
Q

phage structure

A

nucleic acid
protein

82
Q

how does phages infect

A

adsorption
irreversible attachment
sheath contraction
nucleic acid injection
DNA uptake

83
Q

generalized transduction

A

transferring bacterial gene to another bacterium

84
Q

conjugation

A

gene transfer from donor to recipient by direct physical contact between cells

85
Q

sterilization

A

non selective, kills everything

86
Q

disenfection

A

liquids that kill bacteria
too toxic on skin surfaces

87
Q

antiseptics

A

uses alcohol/isopropanol or iodine on skin
reduces bacterial load

88
Q

antibacterial agents

A

natural antibiotics (primitive medicine or herbal remedies)

89
Q

antibiotics

A

natural substances secreted by one microorganism against other microorganisms

90
Q

who discovered antibiotics

A

Flemings

91
Q

types of Antibiotics

A

Bactericidal
Bacteriostatic

92
Q

Bactericidal

A

irreversible
kills effected microbes
common use
bacteria is still resistant

93
Q

Bacteriostatic

A

reversible growth inhibition

94
Q

3 factors to select antibiotics

A

toxicity
effectivity
therapeutic index = toxic dose/ effective dose

95
Q

what does spectrum of action show

A

broad spectrum of antimicrobials may allow secondary or superinfection to develop

96
Q

when does bacteria start growing

A

<=0.8 ug/ml antibiotic

97
Q

minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)

A

lowest concentration of antibiotics that kills 99.9% of original inoculum

98
Q

which route of antibiotic administration will work right away

A

IV (intravenous) treatment

99
Q

Which antibiotic administration will take a while to work

A

Oral treatment

100
Q

what happens in inhibition of cell wall biosynthesis

A

penicillin prevents peptide bridge formation by binding to transpeptidase causing bacteria to burst after making a hole in the cell wall

101
Q

list beta lactam antibiotics

A

penicillin
cephalosporin
monobactam

102
Q

what does beta lactam antibiotics do

A

inhibits enzyme responsible for linking NAM-NAG chains

103
Q

aminoglycosides

A

bactericidal
antibiotics that irreversibly binds to 30S ribosomal unit to freeze initiation complex and change shape so mRNA is misread

104
Q

tetracyclines

A

bacteriostatic
binds to 30S ribosome and inhibits binding TRNA to acceptor site on 70S

105
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Bacteriostatic
binds to 50S to inhibit peptidyl transferase activity
toxic

106
Q

Polymyxins

A

antifungal
disrupts cytoplasmic membrane where the hydrophobic side of drub binds to hydrophobic membrane to create a pore in membrane

107
Q

function of rifampin

A

bind to DNA and inhibit initaiton of mRNA synthesis
bactericidal
used to tuberculosis

108
Q

antimetabolite antibiotics

A

inhibitors of folic acid synthesis

109
Q

types of antimetabolite antibiotics

A

sulfonamides
trimethoprim

110
Q

Sulfonamides

A

inihbits enzyme PS and blocks DHF formation
bacteriostatic

111
Q

Trimemthoprim

A

binds to enzyme DR and inhbits formation of THF
bacteriostatic

112
Q

multiple resistance

A

pathogen can acquire resistance to more than one drug at a time

113
Q

cross resistance

A

pathogen can acquire resistance to several antibiotics with a similar chemical structure

114
Q

retarding resistance

A

limit use of antimicrobials to necessary cases

115
Q

reasons for antibiotic resistance

A

misuse/ abuse
antibiotics policy in 3rd world countries
antibiotics were developed from natural products

116
Q

which bacteria are drug resistant

A

acinetobacter
pseudomonas aeruginosa
staphylococcus (MRSA)
Klebsiella pneumoniae
mycobacterium tuberculosis

BIOL 2905 (2 decks)

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