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Neuropsychology > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which retinal photoreceptor is almost exclusively found in the fovea?

A

Cones

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2
Q

The inability to focus on nearby objects, due to the focal point of light falling beyond the retina.

A

Hyperopia, or Nearsightedness

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3
Q

Photoreceptors abundant in the periphery, best for dim light.

A

Rods

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4
Q

Which photoreceptor sees in black and white, and are sensitive but not detailed?

A

Rods

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5
Q

Which photoreceptor sees color, and is good at detailed vision?

A

Cones

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6
Q

The part of the visual field that either excites or inhibits a cell in the visual system of the brain.

A

The receptive field

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7
Q

Multiple rods give information to?

A

A single ganglion cell

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8
Q

Each cone delivers information to its own…?

A

Ganglion cell

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9
Q

Many-to-one

A

Convergence

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10
Q

One-to-one

A

Acuity

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11
Q

Are there more red or green cones?

A

They are roughly equivalent.

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12
Q

What is our weakest sense at birth?

A

Vision

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13
Q

What theory refers to the red, green, and blue sensitive cones in our retina?

A

Trichromatic Theory

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14
Q

What theory suggests we perceive colors in terms of paired opposites?

A

Opponent-process theory

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15
Q

What do you call the ability to recognize color despite changes in lighting?

A

Color constancy

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16
Q

What theory suggests that the cortex compares information from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color of each area?

A

Retinex Theory

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17
Q

Blue color blindness is called?

A

Tritanopia

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18
Q

Where does perception occur?

A

The brain

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19
Q

What structure in the midbrain takes in visual information and reflexively orients toward it?

A

The superior colliculus

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20
Q

What is the inability to recognize faces and what is it caused by?

A

Prosopagnosia, caused by damage to the fusiform gyrus

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21
Q

What law states that there are specifically designed detectors on the tongue, eyes, etc. which understand physical forces which our brain is not built to understand?

A

The Law of Specific Nerve Energies

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22
Q

In the brain, what structure is responsible for responding to things we find disgusting?

A

The insula

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23
Q

In the brain, what structure is responsible for our emotional response to pain?

A

The Cingulate Cortex

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24
Q

The region around the aqueduct which is important in responding to our own pain is called what?

A

The periaqueductal gray, or PAG

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25
Q

Enkephalins are an example of what?

A

An Endorphin

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26
Q

Chemicals, related to marijuana, which can block certain kinds of pain, particularly in the periphery of the body.

A

Cannabinoids

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27
Q

Sensory receptors for pain.

A

Nociceptors

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28
Q

Poisons tend to taste

A

Bitter or sour

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29
Q

Which senses were the first to have evolved in humans?

A

The chemosenses, taste and smell

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30
Q

What principle states that each receptor responds to a limited range of stimuli and sends information in a direct line to the brain?

A

The labeled-line principle

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31
Q

What principle states that each receptor responds to a wider range of stimuli and contributes to the perception of each of them?

A

Across-fiber pattern

32
Q

How often are taste receptors replaced?

A

Every 10-14 days

33
Q

What are the bumps on your tongue called?

A

Papillae

34
Q

Papillae contain how many taste buds each?

A

Up to 10

35
Q

How many receptors does each taste bud contain?

A

About 50

36
Q

Where on the tongue are most human taste buds located?

A

Along the outside edge

37
Q

Which taste receptors are ionotropic?

A

Salty and Sour

38
Q

Which taste receptors cause sodium ions to cross the membrane, resulting in action potentials?

A

Saltiness receptors

39
Q

Why are sweet, bitter, and umami receptors metabotropic?

A

Because they are molecules rather than ions.

40
Q

What is the primary taste cortex?

A

The insula

41
Q

Do humans have a pheromone center?

A

Yes, but it is largely defunct and vestigial

42
Q

How is taste organized in the brain?

A

Ipsilaterally

43
Q

What sense refers to the detection and recognition of chemicals that contact the inside of the nose?

A

Olfaction

44
Q

Taste and Olfaction both serve what purpose?

A

Controlling approach/avoidance

45
Q

Where are the olfactory cells?

A

Lining the nasal epithelium in the rear of the nasal passage.

46
Q

How do olfactory nerve axons deliver information to the brain?

A

Directly, through the holes in the bone between the nose and brain.

47
Q

The inability to smell is called what?

A

Anosmia

48
Q

A set of receptors located near the olfactory receptors which are sensitive to pheromones.

A

The Vomeronasal Organ, or VNO

49
Q

What is the path that smell is processed through?

A

The olfactory bulbs, then the cortex, then the limbic system (particularly the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus)

50
Q

Where does taste go to first in the brain?

A

The NTS, or nucleus of the tractus solitarius

51
Q

Which cranial nerves act as the ganglion cells on taste buds?

A

The vagus nerve, the glossopharyngeal, the chorda tympani, and the trigeminal nerve

52
Q

What activates umami receptors?

A

MSG

53
Q

Receptors which are modified skin cells.

A

Taste receptors

54
Q

The perception of flavor is the combination of which senses?

A

Taste and smell

55
Q

The axons of taste and smell converge where?

A

The endopiriform cortex

56
Q

Our sense of hearing is referred to as?

A

Audition

57
Q

What is our perception of sound actually?

A

The vibration of air molecules.

58
Q

Periodic compressions of air or other media.

A

Soundwaves

59
Q

Frequency, or pitch, refers to what quality of a sound wave?

A

Its speed

60
Q

Word for the amount of sound waves coming into the ear at once.

A

The complexity, or timbre

61
Q

Where does a sound wave enter?

A

Via the outer ear

62
Q

Sound waves are amplified by?

A

The middle ear

63
Q

What does the inner ear do to sound waves?

A

Transduce it into electrical signals

64
Q

What structure of the outer ear is important in localizing sound, and varies greatly between species?

A

The pinna

65
Q

What structure of the outer ear functions to funnel to and protect the tympanic membrane?

A

The ear canal

66
Q

What structure of the outer ear vibrates in response to sound?

A

The tympanic membrane

67
Q

What separates the middle and inner ear?

A

The oval window

68
Q

What part of the ear contains the malleus, incus, and stapes?

A

The middle ear

69
Q

Which parts of the vestibular system are part of the inner ear?

A

The semicircular canal and the otolith organs

70
Q

A small, snail shaped structure within the inner ear.

A

The cochlea

71
Q

What auditory receptors lie between the basilar membrane and the tectorial membrane in the cochlea?

A

Hair cells

72
Q

The ossicles (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) function by?

A

Amplifying the sound waves to allow them to move through the cochlea.

73
Q

Which hair cells are afferent and contain 1 row?

A

Inner hair cells

74
Q

What pitch perception theory states that each area along the basilar membrane has hair cells sensitive to only one specific frequency of sound wave?

A

Place Theory

75
Q

What is the destination for most information from the auditory system?

A

The primary auditory cortex, area A1

Neuropsychology (2 decks)

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