Test 3 Flashcards
Resonance: What are the resonating chambers?
- mouth
- nose
- pharynx
- sinuses of the face and skull
What is resonance?
Frequency being modulated by modulating the shape of the vocal tract
What is the nasal cavity?
Cavity located in the vocal tract
Divided by nasal septum
Covered in mucous membrane
Contains cilia
It warms, moistens and cleans the air before it enters the lungs
Contains frontal/maxillary sinus
What is the oral cavity?
A cavity in the vocal tract
Most important cavity of the vocal tract for speech production
Shape alteration by tongue movement and of the mandible (lower jaw)
All phonemes exit out of this cavity except nasal sounds
Lips play a large role here in speech production
What is found within the oral cavity?
The hard and soft palate split into 3 parts:
Alveolar ridge,
Oral Cavity: Hard Palate
- Rugae: Ridges found on the hard palate( found behind teeth)/help prepare food to be swallowed
- Median Raphe: Dived hard palate into two sections
Oral cavity: Soft palate/Velum
- Attaches to Palatine Bone; Extension of Hard Palate
- Movable muscle
- separates oral and nasal cavities
- Faucial Pillars Anterior/Posterior: 2 bands of tissues on either side of the soft palate
What is considered a neurological impairment within the Soft Palate/Velum?
When one velum is hanging more than the other
Why is it called a “Soft” palate/velum?
-It has no bones, just muscles, and tissues
- At rest, it hangs in the pharynx
- Considered to be mobile since its being held onto
How does the soft palate/velum move?
- It moves from open to closed
-Open position allows a passage between nasal and oral cavities
-Open = At REST - Closed position cuts off the nasal an oral cavities
What is the opening position of the soft palate/velum called?
Velopharyngeal Port: Opening behind velum
Soft palate Open Passage?
Open:
- Air during respiration
- Sound waves during some speech (nasal) sounds( from the larynx towards the outside )
Soft palate Closed Barrier?
Closed:
- Food during eating
- Preventing sounds that arent nasal( air fro certain speech sounds)
What is the movement of the soft palate?
- Can change the shape of the vocal tract
*Rises up and back—->Touches Pharyngeal wall - the importance of resonance/producing nasals
- Downward open position when producing nasals*
What is the Velum made up of?
-Muscles, aponeurosis(sheet-like tendon), blood supply, and nerves
How are the velum muscles grouped?
1) Elevators(up): assist in velopharyngeal closure
2) Depressors(down)
3) tensors
What are the Velum elevators?
1) Levator Veli Palatini(Primary muscle that elevates velum)
2) Musculus uvulae
What is the levator veli palatini?
- Primary elevator
- originates from the temporal bone of the skull and into the velum
- Elevates to close VP port
What is musculus uvulae?
- Makes up the medial(middle) and posterior(back) portion of velum
- “bunches up at velum (tenses)
- also elevates
What are the Velum depressors?
1) Palatoglossus
2) Palatopharyngeus
What is the palatoglossus?
- Depresses velum/raises tongue: Important for oral articulation
- “Arches towards the back”—> Makes up first Anterior Arch
- Makes up anterior faucial pillar
What is Palatopharyngeus?
- Narrows Pharynx and depresses velum
- “2nd arch in the back”
- Posterior faucial piller
- originates from the inferior half of the lateral wall of the pharynx and thyroid cartilage
What is the velum tensor?
1) Tensor Veli Palatini:
- Tenses velum
- Lateral to levator veli palatini
- Opens Eustachian Tube
- Helps equalize pressure from the middle ear
what does the VP port close with?
Velum
Soft Palate Review
- 5 Muscles control soft plate
- 3 main movements”
1)Elevate( 2 elevators)
2) Depress ( 2 depresseors)
3) Tense( 1 Tensor)
MAIN FUNCTION: For speech is modifying the input from the nasopharynx and the rest of the vocal tract
What does the Velopharyngeal mechanism involve?
1) Veum ( soft palate)
2) nasopharynx
BOTH ASSIST IN VELOPHARYNGEAL CLOSURE
What is the Velopharyngeal Function?
- Ability to open and close velopharyngeal port that affects various aspects of speech
- Closes nose from oral/pharyngeal cavities during swallowing/regurgitation
- allows for quiet breathing
1) Nasal Segments—>Opening of the velopharyngeal port
2) Stops—-> Closed velopharynx: Issues for people who have cleft palate disorder
3) Fricatives—-> open velopharx: air needs to be constricted
What is the Pharynx?
- changes in length and circumference when you open/close it
- Moves laterally
- Moves in an Anterior-posterior direction
- Can be subdivided:
1) Laryngopharynx
2) Nasopharynx
3) oropharynx
What is the Pharyngeal Muscles?
1) Superior pharyngeal constrictor
- Lateral and posterior wall of VP port
- VP closure
What are the patterns of VP closure?
-Coronal
- Circular
- Circular with Passavant’s ridge
- Sagittal
Pattern of VP Closure: Coronal
- Velum RAISES and contracts posterior pharyngeal wall
- Closure generally occurs in the A-P Direction
- Lateral Pharyngeal wall moves medially to contract velum
- 55% of normal speakers
Pattern of VP Closure: Sagittal
- Velum moves up slightly to contract anterior edges of lateral walls
- most movements occur in the lateral pharyngeal walls
- 16% of normal speakers
Pattern of VP Closure: Circular
-Equal movement of the velum and lateral pharyngeal walls
- 10% of normal speakers
Pattern of VP Closure: Circular with Passavants Ridge
- Similar to circular closure
- Posterior pharyngeal wall moves anteriorly to create a true sphincteric closure pattern
- 19% of speakers
Your client closes her VP Port with her lateral pharyngeal walls, what is she using?
Sagittal Closure
What muscles can be involved in VP Closure?
1) levator veli palatini
2) musculus uvulae
3) superior pharyngeal constrictor
What muscles can be involved in VP Closure?
1) levator veli palatini
2) musculus uvulae
3) superior pharyngeal constrictor
What is Velopharyngeal Nasal Airway resistance?
- Opposes movement, causes energy loss
What does Velopharyngeal Nasal Airway resistance do?
1) Can manipulate:
- Adjust cross-section or length
- adjust the opening of nostrils
2) Depends on airflow
- decreases when airflow lowers and vice versa
- Higher resistance: tighter seal: less airflow
What are the velopharyngeal control variables?
1) Velopharyngeal Nasal Airway Resistance
2)Velopharyngeal Nasal acoustic impedance
3)Velopharyngeal Sphincter compression
What does Velopharyngeal Nasal Airway resistance do?
1) Can manipulate:
- Adjust cross-section or length
- adjust the opening of nostrils
2) Depends on airflow
- decreases when airflow lowers and vice versa
- Higher resistance: tighter seal: less airflow
What is the Velopharyngeal Sphincter compression?
1) Muscular effort put in to keep the velopharynx closed
- Must be greater than air pressure
What is Velopharyngeal Nasal acoustic impedance?
1) Acoustic Energy!
- Closure of VP Port—> impedance in nasel cavity is infinite
- Opening of VP port—-> Impedenc in nasel cavity is low
* Causes change in shape od nasel cavity due to alternating *
Velopharyngeal Nasal acoustic impedance Vowles?
1) High Vowels:
- Have a greater velar height
- Higher acoustic impedance
- Smaller velopharyngeal opening
- More contact of the velum with the pharynx
2) Low Vowels:
- Less velar height
-More contact of velum and base of tongue/epiglottis
- More distance between the velum and pharynx
-Lower acoustic impedance
- Larger velopharyngeal opening
During the phonation of /i/, we need more activation of the?
Levator veli palatini
What is running speech?
-Adjustments needed from nasal to non nasal sounds
- Opening/closing depends on speaking rate and speech sounds in sequence
- Consonants take priority b/c these are parts of speech that need to be adjusted; there are no nasal vowels!
Running Speech: What is Coarticulation?
- The effect of preparing for a sound causing the previous sound to be altered
Running speech: Preparing for oral and nasal consonants?
- Prep for Oral Consonates: Smaller VP Opening for preceding Vowel
- Prep for Nasal Consonants: larger VP Opening for preceding vowel
An infant’s larynx is up higher in their neck, and the epiglottis makes contact with the velum. A consequence of this is that?
Infants must breath through their nose ( Breathing while drinking)
Aging and VP Nasal Functioning
- Speech is more nasal for older adults than young adults, but there is no difference in airflow!
-Accounting for differences: Smaller mouth opening/ transfer of acoustic energy from oral cavity/Changes in format frequencies due to vocal tract changes
Sex Differences in VP Nasal Functioning
- Men have more “hook-like” velums
- Women have more “squared off” velums
- Velum is higher in men and makes contact with the pharynx
- Woman have more contact between velum and pharynx
What is nasendoscopy?
- Used to visualize velum elevation and pharyngeal wall movement
- Can help determine pattern of movement/ adequacy of the closure during swallowing and speech
What is a Pressure Transducer?
- Measures either oral or nasal air pressure
- Oral pressure is used more often
- Can be indirect or direct
- indirect= voiceless bilabial stops: /b/ or /p/
What would we expect to see in a child with a cleft palate?
- Decreased oral pressure and increased nasal airflow
What aerodynamic measures are used to evaluate the function of the velopharyngeal mechanism
1) intraoral air pressure
2) subglottal air pressure
3) nasal air pressure
4) oral airflow
5) nasal airflow
What is the role of the vocal tract?
1) biological: passageway for 2 systems
- air
- food(creates saliva)
2) Non-Biological: Speech
- modify resonatory characteristics and generate speech sounds
- change/constrict the flow of air
Oral Tract: What are some examples of valves?
1) Lips: open and close e
2) Velum touches pharyngeal walls
3) Tounge touches the alveolar ridge( constricts air )
4) Tounge touches the palate( constricts air in a different way)
What can you find in the oral cavity?
1) articulators
2) Shape alteration
3) Sound
Articulators: What are considered to be mobile?
- Tounge
- Mandable( lower jaw)
- Velum( soft palate)
- lips
_ cheeks - Pharynx
Articulators: what are considered to be immobile?
- Alveolar Ridge/Maxillae (upper jaw behind teeth)
- Hard palate
- teeth
What is the main contribution of the palate to speech production?
- Modify the input from the nasopharynx and the rest of the vocal tract
- Change the flow
What are the 3 parts of the palate?
1) Alveolar Ridge
2) Hard Palate
3) Soft Palate
What happens in the Alveolar Ridge?
- raised ridge from the maxilla that holds the teeth
- Many sounds are formed
- Tounge moves up to touch it and form sounds
What can you find in the jaw?
1) Mandible
2) Maxillae
What is the Mandible?
- Unpaired bone of the lower jaw
- provides lower dental arch
- The main function is to chew/masticate
- Principle movements: Elevation and depression
What is the Maxillae?
- Alvelor ridge
- Upper dental arch
What is not a resonating chamber of the speech apparatus?
The Lungs
True/false: The nose is one of the resonating chambers of the speech
True
Which of the following is an elevator muscle of the velum:
A. Tensor Veli Palatini
B. Palatoglossus
C. Palatopharyngeus
D. Musculus Uvulae
D. Muscle Uvulae
What forms the anterior faucial arch or pillars?
The Palatoglossus Muscle
What is the pharyngeal muscle that contributes to velar closure?
The superior pharyngeal constrictor
What is mostly involved in coronal VP Closure?
The velum
True/False: Circular VP Closure only occurs in people with VP Port Disorder
False
During the production of the syllable /pa/, which of the following is true of velopharyngeal acoustic impedance:
A. It is very low
B. It is relatively high
C. Its almost infinite
C. It is almost infinite
Before a nasal consonate, the VP Port will be?
Relatively more open than before an oral consonate
True/False: Speech is relatively more nasal in older than younger adults?
True
What can be determined by nasal endoscopy?
Patterns of VP Closure
What can be used to calculate the following formula:
Nasal Acoustic energy/(nasal acoustic energy+ Oral acoustic energy)
Nasalance
What is a functional component of speech that is part of the oral articulatory system?
Lips
Which of the following is a mobile articulator?
A. The alveolar ridge
B. The teeth
C. The velum
D. The hard palate
C. The velum
Which part of the teeth is visible when we smile?
The crown
Which class of occlusion corresponds to an underbite?
Class III: Mesioclusion
What elevates the tongue tip?
The Superior Longitudinal
What muscles are intrinsic?
- Superior longitudinal
- Inferior Longitudinal
- Transverse
-Verticle
True/False: Men have larger vocal tracts than woman
True!
True/False: Men can speak faster than women on average
True!
Is it true that for older adults the pharyngeal walls become thinner?
Yes
True/False: Optical motion capture can track tongue movements.
False
Cleft palate is an example of VP incompetence or insufficiency?
Insufficiency
A child with a cleft palate will make more glottal stops than normal. Is this an obligatory error or a compensatory error?
Compensatory
Which of the following can cause hypernasal resonance
Chronic inflammation of the nose
What is the role of the vocal tract?
Biological: Primary role(Not Speech)
- Passageway for 2 systems air and food(creates saliva)
Non-Biological( Speech) :
- Modify the resonatory characteristics and generate speech sounds
- series of valves to change/constrict the flow of air
When we constrict the airflow, what can we produce?
- Stops, Fricatives, and affricates
What is the Mandible’s main role?
- Chewing
- speech production
How does the mandible move?
- Vertical( Up and down/ elevation and depression)
- Anterior and posterior( forward and back)
- Lateral( Side to Side)
When do the muscles of the jaw need to generate a lot of force, particularly during elevation?
To grind up food
What jaw muscles are elevators?
- Masseter( power muscle to grind food)
- Temporalis( Snappimg muscle)
- medial pterygoid
What jaw muscles are depressors?
- Diagastric
- Mylohyoid( linked to hyoid bone)
- Geniohyoid(linked to hyoid bone)
- Lateral ( external) ptergoid
