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SLHS 321 > FINAL EXAM > Flashcards

FINAL EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

What is a filter?

A
  • A device that allows some things to go through but not others
  • Vocal Tract can act as a filter
    -Some frequencies may pass through / others may not
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2
Q

What are the sound sources that we may use when speaking?

A
  • Phonation
  • Stop plosion
  • Frication
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3
Q

What is the period of an oscillation?

A

Phonation:
- Period= Time to complete one cycle/ For speech, one glottal cycle

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4
Q

What is the frequency of an oscillation?

A

Phonation:
- Frequency= the inverse of a period
- f=1/T

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5
Q

Define the fundamental frequency and harmonics

A

Fourier analysis:
- Lowest will be the fundamental frequency (F0)
* AKA first harmonic (H1)
- Harmonics are whole number multiples of the F0 ( Fundamental frequency)
*H2= 2 x F0, H3= 3x F0, etc.

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6
Q

What happens to the energy of each subsequent harmonic produced?

A
  • With each harmonic, there is a relative reduction in energy ( amplitude)
  • This happens at the level of the larynx
    12 DB dropoff with each harmonic( Decrease in energy/intensity)
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7
Q

What does the vocal tract model?

A

-Models a tube closed at one end that contains different frequencies traveling
- “Closed at the level of the larynx

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8
Q

What is the source filter theory?

A
  • Contains source spectrum, filter function, an output energy
  • Shows frequency in the larynx
  • The higher the frequency, the further apart harmonies will be
  • Can calculate the relative amplitude by taking the source and multiplying by the filter function
  • regions of high energy are known as formants
    -The First 3 formants are important for acoustic and perceptual specification
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9
Q

Vocal Tract: what is damping and where does it take place?

A
  • Occurs when the resonant frequency of a nearby structure absorbs energy from the acoustic signal
  • Will get more energy absorption when connecting other tubes to the vocal tract
  • VP port is open so the nasal cavity is coupled to the oral cavity (Creates another “tube” and will be absorbed)
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10
Q

What happens when you change the shape of the vocal tract?

A
  • Each tube has its own form (resonance)
  • Can make different shape tubes
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11
Q

What happens when the sound sources for vowels are filtered?

A
  • Travels through the vocal tract
  • some harmonics are amplified
  • some are attenuated
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12
Q

What are formants?

A
  • A spectrum that has peaks at the resonant frequencies of the oral cavity
  • Changes in the shape of this oral cavity change the frequencies of the formats
  • About 18 that are within limits
  • F1 can vary from 300 to 1000Hz
  • F2 can vary from around 1000 to 300 Hz
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13
Q

What is F1 and F2?

A

F1= Lowest one, below 1000
F2= Always between 1000-3000Hz
- They both vary with height and placement

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14
Q

What does F2 represent?

A
  • Vowel front/backness
  • Lower F2
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15
Q

What does F1 represent?

A
  • ## Vowel height low/high
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16
Q

A high back vowel will have a ____ F1 and ___ Low F2

A

Low F1 and Low F2

17
Q

F1 Lows and Highs?

A

Lowest for closed vowels
Higher for open vowels

18
Q

True/False: The formant pattern provides a listener w/ information about the positions and movements of the tongue, jaw, and lips

A

True!

19
Q

What is Stevens and House rules?

A
  1. F1 lowers as tongue height increases
    - More dramatic for front vowels than back vowls
  2. F2 increases as the tongue moves forward
    - F1 also decreases when the tongue moves forward
  3. All formats decrease with lip rounding
    - Particular true for F2
20
Q

How do consonants differ from vowels?

A

Vowels:
- Can model the vocal tract as a single tube ( Watch Pink Trombone Video)
From Glottis ti lips
- Periodic Sound source–> Sound source repetition
Consonants:
-Vocal Tract configurations for some sounds can not be molded as a single tube–> b/c of VP port being open
- Sound Sources are aperiodic ( Frequences together)
* this means that they are not periodic/Not repeated*

21
Q

What are the Coupled Resonators? AKA Shunt Resonators

A

Nasals
Laterals
Others

22
Q

What are obstruents and Coupled resonators?

A
  • Sounds where the sound source produced between two resonating cavities
  • We make caviies by bringing articulators together
23
Q

What are the sound sources that are generated between two resonating cavities?

A
  • Front Cavity (from constriction to lips
  • Back Cavity( From constriction to glottis)
24
Q

What happens to the sound sources in the back cavity

A
  • Sound in the back cavity is trapped, generating antiresonance
  • Trap some frequencies /harmonics
25
Q

How can the frication sound source be generated?

A

-Frication is the only sound source for voiceless fricatives
- Frication superimposed on phonation when fricatives are voiced
- Air passes through the constriction, the speed increases
* Air flows out as a jest surrounded by areas of rotating, randomly moving air molecules known as turbulence; Friction source

26
Q

How is the sound source filtered via resonance and antiresonance?

A

Front Cavity will shape the resonance:
- Front cavity becomes smaller=resonace becomes higher in frequency/resonance has broad bandwidths ( lets lots of frequency pass)
Back is closed so will create antiresonance:
- As the back cavity becomes smaller, the antiresonace becomes higher in frequency( higher in pitch)

27
Q

what are the two cavities that divide the vocal tract?

A

Front and back cavity

28
Q

How does sound radiate in both directions?

A

To front and out the mouth
to the back and towards the glottis

29
Q

which fricative would have the highest frequency resonance?

A

“Sh”—>has front cavity

30
Q

Why do vocal stops not have aspiration?

A

The vocal folds are already abducted

31
Q

What are the different components that create the sound source for stops

A

Stop production requires different components:
- Closure: puts articulators together
- Release(burst): puff of air
- Frication: When producing a stop
- Aspiration (voiceless stops only): additionally you have aspiration

32
Q

What is the Voice onset time(VOT)?

A
  • Release+frication+aspiration(voiceless): bringing together vocal folds when you have a little bit of time–>vocal folds cant be together for a voiceless stop
  • Release+ frication ( voiced)
33
Q

How do acoustic events line up with aerodynamics during fricative production?

A
  1. spike of airflow for the release
  2. followed by turbulent airflow(frication)
    - caused by narrow constriction as the articulators move apart
    - short duration
    -Opening of fricatives=opening of articulators
  3. For voiceless stops, there is aspiration
    - caused by turbulent airflow at the glottis
    - vocal folds abducting to begin voicing for the subsequent vowel
    - 10-30 ms in duration
34
Q

Why is the /p/flatter in a wavelength ?

A

No front cavity! /p/ is a label sound
* look at the slide 51*

35
Q

What does the aspiration indicate in VOT?

A

Indicates that it is a voiceless stop

36
Q

unaspirated vs aspirated plosives

A

Look at slide 53

37
Q

What are affricates?

A

Affricates= stops + fricatives
Frication portion of the stop is prolonged
Slowly released stops

SLHS 321 (2 decks)

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