Test 3 Flashcards
5 sign and symptoms of alcohol poisoning
Confusion
Vomiting
Seizures
Slow breathing (less than eight breaths a minute)
Irregular breathing (a gap of more than 10 seconds between breaths)
Blue-tinged skin or pale skin
Low body temperature (hypothermia)
Passing out (unconsciousness) and can’t be awakened
The 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends____________________?
2 alcoholic drinks/d for men & 1 drink/d for women
Is Alcohol a Nutrient?
Provides energy
7 kcal/g
Oz of arch
12 oz beer
5 oz wine
1.5 oz hl
No digestion required
Absorbed from mouth, esophagus, stomach,and small intestine
Absorption slowed by food
Eighty to ninety-five percent of alcohol is absorbed unchanged.
Alch. ingestion
Why alch consumption changes from men to women
body size, fat, less enzyme activity in woman, more hormonal fluctuation in women
Alch problems in GI tract
esophagitis and gastritis
Alch problems in liver
Fatty liver
Fibrosis
Cirrhosis
Cause/cure of hang over
Stay hydrated throughout the following day by drinking water whenever you feel thirsty. Drinking alcohol can cause dehydration, which may worsen certain hangover symptoms. Staying hydrated could reduce hangover symptoms such as thirst, fatigue, headache, and dizziness.
An eating disorder marked by prolonged decrease of appetite and refusal to eat, leading to self-starvation and excessive weight loss. It results in part from a distorted body image and intense fear of becoming fat, often linked to social pressures.
anorexia nervosa
An eating disorder marked by repeating episodes of binge eating and a feeling of loss of control. The diagnosis is based on a person’s having an average of at least two binge-eating episodes per week for 6 months. - compulsive overeating
binge eating disorder
An eating disorder marked by consumption of large amounts of food at one time (binge eating) followed by a behavior such as self-induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or other practices to avoid weight gain.
bulimia nervosa
Disordered eating
Amenorrhea
Premature Osteoporosis
female athlete triad
Things to get rid and treat eating disorders
Promote self-esteem
Focus on size acceptance
Celebrate the diversity in all sizes and shapes
Discourage meal skipping
Encourage eating in response to hunger, not emotions
Anorexia athletica frequently affects
dancers
What is your personal definition of ‘normal eating’ and how does it differ from the
handout given with Project 2?
eat until you feel satisfied
Nine essential amino acids
Body cannot make them
Must get them through diet
Proteins are sequences of
amino acids
Disrupts shape
Protein unfolds and loses its shape (denature).
Caused by acidic or alkalinity, high temperature, alcohol, oxidation, and agitation
denaturation
Collagen Most abundant Gives skin and bone their elastic strength Keratin Primary constituent of hair and nails Motor proteins Turn energy into mechanical work
Structural and mechanical functions
Antibodies
Blood proteins that attack and inactivate bacteria and viruses
Part of the body’s immune response
Immune functions
Catalyze, or speed up, chemical reactions
Every cell contains thousands of types of enzymes.
Enzymes
Regulate body processes
Hormones
Proteins help maintain stable pH levels by acting as buffers.
Acidosis or alkalosis occur when proteins are unable to fulfill buffer function.
Acid base balence
Proteins act as:
Channels and pumps, allowing substances to flow through membranes
Carriers, transporting important substances in the blood stream
transport functions
Fluids found inside and outside cells
Inside cells: intracellular fluid
Outside cells: extracellular
Two types:
Intercellular fluid or interstitial fluid (between cells)
Intravascular fluid (in the blood)
Blood proteins maintain appropriate fluid levels in vascular system.
Edema results when diet lacks enough protein to maintain normal levels of blood proteins.
Edema: Swelling caused by buildup of fluid between cells
Fluids balence
Carbohydrates and fat are protein-sparing.
Body prefers burning them for energy.
Will resort to burning protein for energy if necessary
Body readies protein for use as energy through deamination.
Removal of amino group from an amino acid
Source of energy and glucose
In the stomach
Proteins are denatured by hydrochloric acid.
Pepsin begins digestion.
In the small intestine
Proteases and intestinal lining cells break down large peptides into smaller peptides.
Protein digestion
Pass out of the body in feces
Diseases of the intestinal tract cause problems with digestion by decreasing absorption efficiency.
Celiac disease
Undigested protein
AA assembled in specific sequence
Draws on AA pool as needed
Dispensable AA missing
Cell will make that AA or obtain it from the liver.
Draws on AA pool as needed
Indispensable AA missing
Body may break its own protein down to supply the missing AA.
Indispensable AA unavailable
Protein synthesis halts and partially completed protein used elsewhere in the body
Protein synthesis
The AA pool Available AA Protein synthesis; produce energy and glucose Protein turnover Constant recycling of protein
Amino Acid Pool and Protein Turnover
Recommended Intakes of Protein
Adult RDA = 0.8 gram per kilogram of body weight
Severe physical stress can increase body’s need for proteins.
Infections, burns, fevers, surgery increase protein losses.
Diet must replace lost protein.
Supply all indispensable amino acids
Animal proteins; soy proteins
complete proteins
Low in one or more indispensable amino acids
Most plant proteins
Incomplete and Complementary Proteins
Two incomplete proteins can equal a complete protein.
One makes up for the other’s lack of specific essential amino acids.
Combination then provides sufficient amounts of all essential amino acids.
Complementary proteins
Edema and other signs
Between ages of 18 and 24 months
Associated with extreme poverty
Kwashiorkor
Chronic PEM
Infants and 6- to 18-month-old children
Adults with cancer or starvation
Marasmus
Health Effects of Excess Dietary Protein
Kidney function
Increases kidney filtration rate, straining function
Mineral losses
Link between high-protein diet and osteoporosis
Obesity
Correlation with body fat
Heart disease
Increased saturated fat and cholesterol intake
Cancer
Increased risk for certain types of cancer
happens when your carbohydrate intake is low. As your body breaks down fat, it produces an acid called ketones or ketone bodies, which becomes your body and brain’s main source of energy. Because ketosis shifts your metabolism and relies on fat for energy, your body can burn fat at a higher rate.
ketosis
Health Benefits of Vegetarian Diets
Less fat, saturated fat, trans fat, and cholesterol intake
More antioxidants
More fiber and phytochemicals
Reduces risk for heart disease, obesity, hypertension, and cancer
alth Risks of Vegetarian Diets
Vegan diets may be low in some nutrients.
Calcium, iron, zinc, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and omega-3 fatty acids
More restrictive food choices = more likely it is to cause nutritional problems
Careful planning needed for growth and overall health
Prompts eating
hunger
Signals to stop eating
Satiation
Tells when you are ready to eat again
Satiety
Psychological desire to eat
Influenced by the eating environment
Appetite
Resting energy expenditure
- 0 kcal/kg/hr for males
0. 9 kcal/kg/hr for females
Estimated as a percentage of REE based on a person’s general activity level (see Table SM.5)
physical activity
whole-body mammal metabolism during a time period of strict and steady resting conditions that are defined by a combination of assumptions of physiological homeostasis and biological equilibrium.
RMR
Accuracy of ‘estimated energy expenditure?
37-39?
Physical activity
Estimated as a percentage of REE based on a person’s general activity level (see Table SM.5)
Thermic effect of food
6 to 10 percent of (REE + physical activity)
Yes
the energy expended for everything we do that is not sleeping, eating or sports-like exercise.
NEAT
Body mass index (BMI) Weight (kg) × height2 (m) BMI ≤ 18.5 kg/m2 = underweight BMI 18.5 to ≥ 25 kg/m2 = normal weight BMI 25 to ≤ 30kg/m2 = overweight BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 = obese
BMI
