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Turf Management > Test 2_Soils > Flashcards

Test 2_Soils Flashcards

1
Q

turfgrass soils definition:

A

a complex medium of inorganic and organic materials. the soil also ontains various gases and water.

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2
Q

Soil horizons (list)

A

O-horizon

A-horizon

B-horizon

C-horizon

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3
Q

O-horizon

A

layer of undecomposed and partially decomposed organic matter = THATCH AND MAT

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4
Q

A-horizon

A

topsoil composed of mineral particles and organic matter giving it a dark rich color

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5
Q

B-horizon

A

subsoil, low in organic matter and high in clay

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6
Q

C-horizon

A

zone of partially weathered parent material often over solid bedrock

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7
Q

soil texture refers to:

A

the proportion of sand, silt and clay particles

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8
Q

soil texture determines:

A

many chemical and physical properties of the soil

  • How compaction prone is it?
  • How well will it hold moisture? etc
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9
Q

sand characteristics

A
  • large particles
  • low CEC
  • Compaction resistant
  • low water holder

high infiltration

  • high aeration porosity
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10
Q

clay characeristics

A
  • tiny particles
  • medium CEC
  • compacts
  • high water holder
  • low infiltration
  • low aeration porosity
  • poor aggregation
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11
Q

to improve both sand and clay soils:

A

add organic matter

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12
Q

soil structure refers to:

A

the arrangement of mineral particles

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13
Q

anything that fractures or separates soil particles may promore aggregation. for example:

A
  • root penetration
  • freezing and thawing
  • wetting and drying
  • earthworm activity
  • ripping and tilling
  • core aeration
  • solid tining, knifing, etc
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14
Q

______ may improve the potential for aggregation

A

calcium

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15
Q

clay particles have a _____ charge on their surface

A

negative

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16
Q

density =

A

mass per unit volume

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17
Q

particle density =

A

density of soil solids; on average it is 2.65 g/cc

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18
Q

bulk density:

A

dry weight of undisturbed soil partiles / unit volume…

desirable bulk densities vary depending upon the soil texture

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19
Q

bulk density details

A
  • dry weight of a specific volume of soil
  • includes both solids and pores
  • expressed as grams/cc
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20
Q

it is important to compare soils of _____ ______ when trying to compare bulk densities

A

bulk densities

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21
Q

a well structured soil will have a sufficient amount of both _______ and ______ space

A

macropore and micropore

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22
Q

macropores:

A

comparatively large proes that are important for water drainage and soil aeration

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23
Q

micropore:

A

very small pores that are important in holding water for plant use

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24
Q

infiltration =

A

water moving into the soil

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25
Q

percolation =

A

water moving through the soil profile

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26
Q

adhesion =

A

attraction of water to soil particles

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27
Q

cohesion =

A

attraction of water molecules to other water molecules

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28
Q

imporatince of soil aeration

A
  • root growth
  • gas exchange
  • microbial activity is supported by adequate aeration
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29
Q

as soil temperature increases….

A

the rates of reactions increase

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30
Q

thermal heatins is a result of:

A
  • soil color
  • soil moisture
  • soil organic matter
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31
Q

specific heat is highest for ____

A

WATER > ORGANIC MATTER > DRY MINERAL SOIL

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32
Q

soil colloids are

A
  • clay and organic material “humus”
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33
Q

primary soil colloids of clay

A

Al, Si, O

arranged as “planes” of atoms that share charges

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34
Q

isomorphic substitution:

A

other cations can be substituted for Al, Si, and O in clays

35
Q

charges associated with process of isomorphic substitution

A

permanent charges

36
Q

essentially, increases the CEC of a soil

A

ispmorphic substitution

37
Q

pH dependent charge

A

as the soil becomes more acid, open sites become filled with H+

38
Q

charge primarily associated with soil organic matter

A

pH dependent charge

39
Q

actively growing grass is ____-____% water

A

75-85%

40
Q

Macronutrients

A

N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S

41
Q

micronutrients

A

Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Cu, Zn, Cl, Ni

42
Q

most prominent cations in a soil

A

Ca 2+

Mg 2+

NH 4+

Na +

H+

43
Q

prominent cations can be_____ dependent on their concentrations in the soil

A

exchanged

44
Q

CEC is:

A

not a measure of soil fertility, but of “potential” to hold cations

45
Q

CEC =

A

cation exchange capacity

46
Q

the higher the CEC of a soil…

A

the more buffered the soil is to change

47
Q

high clay content soils are ____ly buffered

A

highly

48
Q

high sand content soils are ___ly buffered

A

poorly

49
Q

buffering capacity =

A

a soil’s resistance to chemical changes

50
Q

water moves into roots by ____

A

osmosis

51
Q

major factor influencing pH is

A

precipitation

52
Q

__ and __ are minerals that neutralize acidity and raise pH

A

Ca and Mg

53
Q

high rainfall, irrigation, roots exuding acid forming substance, and nirtogen fertilizers result in=

A

lowering pH and a need for liming

54
Q

lime is:

A

an amendment used to raise soil pH

55
Q

lime is (chem)

A

Calcium Carbonate

CaCO3

56
Q

dolomitic lime (chem)

A

Mg(CaCo3)

57
Q

adding too much lime will:

A
  • saturate CEC sites with Ca 2+ and raise pH above 8, restricting N, P, K, and Fe availability
58
Q

large lime applications should be:

A

split into spring and summer applications following core aeration

59
Q

__ can be used to lower pH on alkaline soils that are not highly calcareous

A

sulfur

60
Q

deflocculation =

A

loss of soil structure or aggregation, leading to loss of soil permeability because large pores are virtually destroyed by hydrated Na+

61
Q

primarily used to teal with sodic (Na) soil problems

A

gypsum

62
Q

gypsum chem formula

A

CaSO4

63
Q

activities of bacteria in the soil

A
  • organic matter decomposition
  • nutrient transformation
64
Q

saprophytes feed on:

A

decaying plant material

65
Q

parasites feed on:

A

living plant material

66
Q

faculative fungi prefer:

A

to feed on one type of plant material, but will attack and feed on the other if quantities are limited

67
Q

obligate fungi are:

A

organizms that exclusively feed on eiher living or dead plant material

68
Q

many turf pathogens are:

A

faccultative parasites

69
Q

simple plants that lack chlorophyll

A

fungi

70
Q

single-celled plants that can remain independent or can be associated together in long chains

A

algae

71
Q

formerly known as blue-green algae

A

cyanobacteria

72
Q

cyanobacteria (problems)

A
  • major problem in warmer months
  • causes yellowing in turf
  • more common in higher pH soils
73
Q

an average soil will contain __-__% organic matter

A

1-3%

74
Q

organic matter:

A
  • improves soil structure
  • improves aeration
  • improves water holding capacity
  • improves CEC (ph dependent charge)
  • improves release of nutrients as a result of decomposition
75
Q

thatch

A

layer of living and non-living plant material located immediately above soil surface

  • 1/2” or less is usually deemed desirable in turf
76
Q

complete modification =

A

bring in a topsoil to serve as the 8 - 12 inch rootzone

77
Q

__ and __ are preferred topsoils on general turf areas

A

loams and sandy loams

78
Q

___ soils are preferred for greens and high-traffic ball fields

A

sand

79
Q

partial modification =

A

incorporating materials into existing soil to improve structure and texture

80
Q

don’t incorporate sand into clay unless:

A

you can change 6-8 inch deep texture to 70% or more of sand

81
Q

__ may be called the “stress-building” nutrient

A

potassium

82
Q

__ regulates stomatal opening/closing for better drought avoidance/cold disiccation tolerance and helps build/maintain strong cell walls for better wear tolerance

A

potassium

83
Q
A

Turf Management (4 decks)

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