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Turf Management > Test 2_Cool-Season Grasses > Flashcards

Test 2_Cool-Season Grasses Flashcards

1
Q

Temperature for optimum top growth

A

60-70 degrees F

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2
Q

temperature for optimum root growth

A

40-60 degrees F

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3
Q

Cool-Season Turfgrasses have:

A
  • photorespiration
  • littor or no winter dormancy
  • continuously active root system
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4
Q

Kentucky bluegrass

scientific name

A

Poa pratensis L.

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5
Q

most widely used cool-season turfgrass

A

Kentucky bluegrass

(Poa pratensis)

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6
Q

Origin of KBG

A

introduced from open meadow areas of Europe in 1600’s

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7
Q

KBG germination rate

A

slow to germinate (60 F soil = 10 days)

<60 F = 14-21 days

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8
Q

First improved cultivar of KBG

  • significant for
A

“Merion” KBG

  • leaf spot tolerance
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9
Q

KBG texture and vernation

A

Medium texture, folded vernation

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10
Q

KBG rhizomes are:

A

determinate rhizomes but with aggressive growth habit

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11
Q

KBG ligule

A

very short, membranous, very difficult to see

not seeing it is an ID feature

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12
Q

KBG leaf tip:

A

prominently boat-shaped (keeled)

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13
Q

KBG veination:

A

very prominent mid-vein

“railroad tracks”

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14
Q

KBG adaptation and use:

A
  • FULL SUN
  • prefers well drained soils, slightly acidic pH, high phosphorous levels
  • EXCELLENT WINTER HARDINESS, SUMMER DORMANCY MECHANISM
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15
Q

Primary uses of KBG

A

athletic fields b/c of recuperative potential

golf course fairwys and tees if newer, closer mowed varieties are used

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16
Q

1 FULL SUN lawn grass

A

Kentucky bluegrass

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17
Q

KBG cultural intensity

A
  • moderate to high level of maintenance
  • .5 - 1 lb N/1000 sq ft/ growing MONTH
  • HEAVY THATCH FORMER
  • Mowing height: 1 - 2.5”
  • germination time: approx 14-21 days
  • seeding rate: 2 lbs pure live seed/1000 sq ft
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18
Q

KBG selected cultivars

A
  • 200+ cultivars now available
  • consideration: color, disease resistence, wear tolerance, heat tolerance, recuperative ability, shade tolerance, mowing height
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19
Q

Kentucky bluegrass

ADVANTAGES

A
  • DARK COLOR
  • med-fine texture
  • good mowing quality
  • cold tolerane
  • good drought tolerance
  • tolerates low mowing
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20
Q

Kentucky Bluegrass

DISADVANTAGES

A
  • Poor traffic tolerance
  • Medium heat tolerance
  • shallow rooted: poor drought avoidance
  • med/poor shade tolerance
  • Med-high N needs
  • Grubs, leaf spot, summer patch, dollar spot, powdery mildew
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21
Q

indicator of dollar spot on KBG

A

hour glass shaped lesions on KBG leaf

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22
Q

Tall Fescue

scientific name

A

Festuca arundinaceae

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23
Q

Tall fescue texture and vernation

A

medium/coarse texture

LIKELY COARSEST TEXTURED COOL-SEASON GRASS

  • distinctly ROLLED vernation
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24
Q

Tall fescue veination

A

very prominent parallel veins on leaf surface

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25
Q

tall fescue ligule

A

short membranous ligule, but difficult to see

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26
Q

tall fescue blade characteristics

A

very stiff bladed, uptight growing leaves - similar to zoysiagrass

serrated leaf margins

TYPICALLY PURPLE COLOR AT BASE OF STEM

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27
Q

2 cool-season turfgrass in acreage

A

Tall Fescue

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28
Q

Tall Fescue adaptation and Use

A
  • managed as bunch-type grass, but can produce very short determinant rhizomes
  • ADAPTED TO A WIDE RANGE OF SOIL CONDITIONS

(wet, dry, acid, alkaline)

  • DROUGHT AVOIDANCE DUE TO VERY DEEP ROOT SYSTEM
  • moderate to POOR cold tolerance
  • SHADE TOLERANCE MARGINAL (a niche use in South)
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29
Q

Tall Fescue

primary uses

A

home lawns, general purpose, row, lower maintenance athletic fields

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30
Q

Tall fescue cultural intensity

A
  • LOW/MEDIUM, BUT STILL REMAINS AN AESTHETICALLY PLEASING CANOPY
  • .25 - 1 lb N/1000 sq ft/growing MONTH
  • fairly low disease pressure but BIG PROBLEMS WITH GRAY LEAF SPOT
  • little thatching tendency

- MOWING HEIGHT: 2-3”

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31
Q

Tall Fescue

ADVANTAGES

A
  • dark green
  • low-med fertility requirement
  • good wear tolerance
  • med. shade tolerance
  • good drought avoider
  • EXCELLENT HEAT TOLERANCE
  • endophytes for stress resistance
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32
Q

Tall Fescue

DISADVANTAGES

A
  • med-coarse texture
  • bunch type
  • poor traffic recovery
  • poor cold tolerance
  • VERY BROWN PATCH SUSCEPTIBLE
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33
Q

Perennial Ryegrass

scientific name

A

Lolium perenne

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34
Q

perennial ryegrass texture and vernation

A
  • fine/medium texture
  • folded vernation
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35
Q

perennial ryegrass

color

A
  • dark green color
  • purple color at base
36
Q

perennial ryegrass veination

A

prominent mid-vein

37
Q

perennial ryegrass leaf characteristics

A
  • does not have boat shaped leaf tip
  • waxy upper leaf surface results in a lot of clossy reflection USED FOR STRIPING TURF
38
Q

perennial ryegrass

adaptation and use

A
  • moist, cool climates
  • moist, slightly acid soils
  • NOT TOLERANT TO TEMPERATURE EXTREMES, but being bread for better heat tolerance
  • EXTREMELY RAPID SEED GERMINATION (4-7 DAYS)
  • WINTER OVERSEDING OF WARM-SEASON TURFS:most popular choice for lawns, golf, and sports turfs
39
Q

perennial ryegrass

primary uses

A

home lawns, sports turf, golf

40
Q

perennial ryegrass cultural intensity

A
  • moderate to high levels of maintenance
  • THE MOST WEAR TOLERANT COOL-SEASON TURFGRASS, BUT POOR RECUPERATIVE POTENTIAL
  • little thatching intensity
  • mowing height: .5 - 1.5”
  • TREMENDOUS PROBLEMS IN LATE 1990S WITH GRAY LEAF SPOT. for many situations, extensive fungicide programs have been the only way to keep perennial ryegrass alive
41
Q

perennial ryegrass cultivars

A
  • over 100 cultivars
  • established from seed
  • fairly new on the market: Lolium perenne x. L. multiflorum => intermediate ryegrass (has best of annual and perennial)
42
Q

perennial ryegrass

ADVANTAGES

A
  • dark green, BEST STRIPER
  • med-fine texture & density
  • good wear tolerance
  • quick germination and establishment
  • endophytes for stress resistance
43
Q

perennial ryegrass

DISADVANTAGES

A
  • bunch type, fast leaf growth, poor mowing quality
  • poor traffic recovery
  • slippery blades
  • POOR COLD TOLERANCE
  • POOR SHADE, HEAT, DROUGHT TOLERANCE
  • very susceptible to bp, ds, rust, gray leaf spot, pythium, read thread
44
Q

Fine-leaf fescues

species

A
  • creeping red fescue
  • chewings fescue
  • sheep fescue
  • hard fescue
45
Q

creeping red fescue

scientific name

A

Festuca rubra

46
Q

chewings fescue

scientific name

A

Festuca rubra ssp. falax

47
Q

sheep fescue scientific name

A

Festuca ovina

48
Q

hard fescue scientific name

A

Festuca trachyphylla

49
Q

the largest of the two categories of fine fescues in use in the US are

A

creeping red and chewings fescues

50
Q

fine fescues

description

A

creeping red fescue: very short, determinate rhizomes, but managed as bunch grass

chewings is a bunchgrass that grows more upright that creeping red

  • needle-like leaves, tightly folded
  • purple color at base
51
Q

fine fescue

adaptation and use

A
  • WELL DRAINED SOILS ARE ESSENTIAL
  • BEST SHADE TOLERANCE OF THE COOL-SEASON TURFS
  • does very well in low pH soils
  • EXCEPTIONAL COLD TOLERANCE, POOR HEAT TOLERANCE
  • Uses: SHADED HOME LAWN TURF
  • germination is relatively slow: 14-21 days
52
Q

fine fescue

cultural intensity

A
  • BEST POOR MAN’S GRASS FOR COOL SEASON
  • least amount of maintenance for a cool-season grass
  • lowest fertility requirements
  • low water requirements
  • mowing height 1-2”
53
Q

fine fescue

ADVANTAGES

A
  • fine texture/density
  • low fertility requirements
  • persist in infertile, but well-drained soil
  • low water users
  • good shade tolerance
  • good drought tolerance
  • great natural look when unmowed
  • best winter color retention
54
Q

fine fescue

DISADVANTAGES

A
  • tend to lay over, poor mowing quality
  • poor traffic tolerance and recovery
  • lighter green
  • med-poor heat tolerance
  • do poorly in high humidity/saturated soil
  • summer patch, brown patch
55
Q

creeping bentgrass

scientific name

A

Agrostis stolonifera

56
Q

creeping bentgrass

description

A
  • STOLONIFEROUS
  • rolled vernation

VERY PROMINENT MEMBRANOUS LIGULE

  • numerous parallel veins
  • sharp pointed leaf ti
  • ver soft touch
  • typically as blue-green color
57
Q

creeping bentgrass

adaptation and use

A
  • desires moist acidic soils
  • BEST SUITED FOR VERY CLOSE MOWING SITUATIONS
  • shade tolerance average
  • outstanding cold tolerance
  • SHALLOWEST ROOT SYSTEM
  • POOR DROUGHT AND TRAFFIC TOLERANCE
  • GOOD HEAT TOLERANCE
  • MOST DISEASE SUSCEPTIBLE
58
Q

creeping bentgrass

adaptation and use

A
  • germination: 4-7 days
  • 60-90 DAYS TO ACHIEVE PLAYING QUALITY FOR GOLF
  • very important gold turf
59
Q

creeping bentgrass

cultural intensity

A

HIGHEST MAINTENANCE TURFGRASS

  • very high
  • reel mowers a necessity
60
Q

creeping bentgrass

Pencross

A
  • revolutionized golf course management
  • first improved seeded bentgrass
  • much improved uniformity
  • all previous establishment was with sprigs
61
Q

creeping bentgrass

southern bents

A
  • heat and drought breeding
62
Q

creeping bentgrass

A & G

A
  • extreme density and fine leaft texture, very few stolons, but prolific tillering
  • very high maintenance requirement, topdressing, vertical mowing, foliar feeding

1/8” mowing height recommended

63
Q

creeping bentgrass

ADVANTAGES

A
  • tolerates close mowing
  • recuperates well
  • extremely dense
  • fine textured
  • soft
  • very cold tolerant
  • decent heat tolerance
64
Q

creeping bentgrass

DISADVANTAGES

A
  • very disease susceptible
  • poor wear tolerance
  • shallow rooted
  • high fertility demands
  • slow to greenup in spring, quick to go dormant in fall
  • requires constant care
65
Q

italian (annual) ryegrass

scientific name

A

Lolium multiflorum

66
Q

annual ryegrass

description

A
  • true bunch type grass
  • rolled vernation
  • leaves with sharp tip and many parallel veins
  • NOT STIFF BLADED AS TALL FESCUE
  • purple color at base
  • very glossy upper leaf surface
67
Q

annual ryegrass

adaptation and use

A
  • LEAST TEMPERATURE EXTREME TOLERANT
  • FASTEST SHOOT GROWTH RATE
  • FASTEST SEED GERMINATION (3-4 DAYS) AND ESTABLISHMENT
  • BEST SEEDLING VIGOR
  • good transition, leaves early
  • moist acidic soil desirable
  • POOR TRAFFIC TOLERANCE
  • PRIMARY USES
  • temp winter cover
  • soil stabilization
68
Q

annual ryegrass

cultural intensity

A

low to high (depends on use)

69
Q

lolium multiflorum

ADVANTAGES

A
  • inexpensive
  • rapid germination/high seeding vigor
  • very aggressive
  • poor heat tolerance
70
Q

lolium multiflorum

DISADVANTAGES

A
  • light green color
  • bunch type
  • poor cold tolerance
  • poor heat tolerance
  • poor density
  • will not tolerate close mowing
  • rapid vertical growth
  • coarse textured
  • disease susceptible
  • poor wear tolerance
71
Q

intermediate ryegrass

scientific name

A

Lolium hybridum

72
Q

intermediate ryegrass is a cross between:

A

perennial ryegrass and annual ryegrass

73
Q

intermediate ryegrass is primarily used for:

A

overseeding

very abrupt transition

74
Q

roughstalk bluegrass

scientific name

A

Poa trivialis

75
Q

roughstalk bluegrass description

A
  • weakly stoloniferous
  • folded vernation
  • membranous ligule (shorter than annual bluegrass and longer than KBG)
  • boat shaped tip, but not as prominent as that for KBG
  • prominent mid-vein
  • yellow/green color
76
Q

roughstalk bluegrass

adaptation and use

A
  • moist acidic soils
  • SHADE TOLERANCE SECOND TO FINE FESCUE
  • BETTER TOLERANCE TO CLOSE CLIPPING AS COMPARED TO KBG
  • poor heat and drought tolerance
  • very popular choice for winter gold gren overseedingin warm climates
77
Q

roughstalk bluegrass

adaptation and use

A
  • rapid germination: 4-7 days
  • rapid establishment: 30-45 days to achieve a desirable playing surface
  • excellent putting surface
  • WEAR TOLERANCE NOT COMPARABLE TO PERENNIAL RYEGRASS
  • HAS BECOME A MAJOR WEED PROBLEM IN HIGH MAINTENANCE KBG AND CREEPING BENTGRASS TURFS IN SOME AREAS
78
Q

roughstalk bluegrass

cultural intensity

A

low (shade) to high (winter overseeding)

79
Q

Poa trivialis

ADVANTAGES

A
  • excellent cold tolerance
  • poor heat tolerance
  • high density
  • good shade tolerance
  • grows in wet soils
  • thatch potential is low
80
Q

Poa trivialis

DISADVANTAGES

A
  • yellow-green color
  • poor heat tolerance
  • poor wear tolerance
  • shallow rooted
  • slow establishment
  • fairly disease susceptible
  • sensitive to herbicides
81
Q

annual bluegrass

scientific name

A

Poa annua

82
Q

annual bluegrass

description

A
  • a bunch-type plant noted for prolific tillering and density
  • folded vernation
  • boat shaped leaf tips
  • prominent mid-vein
  • large, membranous ligule
  • leaves often have wrinkles on the surface
  • noted for prolific and rapid production of seedheads
83
Q

annual bluegrass

characteristics

A
  • winter weed problem in southern US
  • considered weed in cooler climates
  • thrives in wet, compacted soils, high N and P fertility
  • tolerates 1/8’ mowing heights
84
Q

annual bluegrass

ADVANTAGES

A
  • tolerates close mowing
  • rapid germination
85
Q

Poa annua

DISADVANTAGES

A
  • tolerates close mowing
  • rapid germination
  • poor heat tolerance
  • poor cold tolerance
  • shallow rooted
  • seedheads
  • disease susceptible
  • high fertility requirement
  • light green color
  • tends to clump
86
Q
A

Turf Management (4 decks)

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