Test 2_Cool-Season Grasses Flashcards
1
Q
Temperature for optimum top growth
A
60-70 degrees F
2
Q
temperature for optimum root growth
A
40-60 degrees F
3
Q
Cool-Season Turfgrasses have:
A
- photorespiration
- littor or no winter dormancy
- continuously active root system
4
Q
Kentucky bluegrass
scientific name
A
Poa pratensis L.
5
Q
most widely used cool-season turfgrass
A
Kentucky bluegrass
(Poa pratensis)
6
Q
Origin of KBG
A
introduced from open meadow areas of Europe in 1600’s
7
Q
KBG germination rate
A
slow to germinate (60 F soil = 10 days)
<60 F = 14-21 days
8
Q
First improved cultivar of KBG
- significant for
A
“Merion” KBG
- leaf spot tolerance
9
Q
KBG texture and vernation
A
Medium texture, folded vernation
10
Q
KBG rhizomes are:
A
determinate rhizomes but with aggressive growth habit
11
Q
KBG ligule
A
very short, membranous, very difficult to see
not seeing it is an ID feature
12
Q
KBG leaf tip:
A
prominently boat-shaped (keeled)
13
Q
KBG veination:
A
very prominent mid-vein
“railroad tracks”
14
Q
KBG adaptation and use:
A
- FULL SUN
- prefers well drained soils, slightly acidic pH, high phosphorous levels
- EXCELLENT WINTER HARDINESS, SUMMER DORMANCY MECHANISM
15
Q
Primary uses of KBG
A
athletic fields b/c of recuperative potential
golf course fairwys and tees if newer, closer mowed varieties are used
16
Q
1 FULL SUN lawn grass
A
Kentucky bluegrass
17
Q
KBG cultural intensity
A
- moderate to high level of maintenance
- .5 - 1 lb N/1000 sq ft/ growing MONTH
- HEAVY THATCH FORMER
- Mowing height: 1 - 2.5”
- germination time: approx 14-21 days
- seeding rate: 2 lbs pure live seed/1000 sq ft
18
Q
KBG selected cultivars
A
- 200+ cultivars now available
- consideration: color, disease resistence, wear tolerance, heat tolerance, recuperative ability, shade tolerance, mowing height
19
Q
Kentucky bluegrass
ADVANTAGES
A
- DARK COLOR
- med-fine texture
- good mowing quality
- cold tolerane
- good drought tolerance
- tolerates low mowing
20
Q
Kentucky Bluegrass
DISADVANTAGES
A
- Poor traffic tolerance
- Medium heat tolerance
- shallow rooted: poor drought avoidance
- med/poor shade tolerance
- Med-high N needs
- Grubs, leaf spot, summer patch, dollar spot, powdery mildew
21
Q
indicator of dollar spot on KBG
A
hour glass shaped lesions on KBG leaf
22
Q
Tall Fescue
scientific name
A
Festuca arundinaceae
23
Q
Tall fescue texture and vernation
A
medium/coarse texture
LIKELY COARSEST TEXTURED COOL-SEASON GRASS
- distinctly ROLLED vernation
24
Q
Tall fescue veination
A
very prominent parallel veins on leaf surface
25
tall fescue ligule
short membranous ligule, but difficult to see
26
tall fescue blade characteristics
very stiff bladed, uptight growing leaves - similar to zoysiagrass
serrated leaf margins
TYPICALLY PURPLE COLOR AT BASE OF STEM
27
#2 cool-season turfgrass in acreage
Tall Fescue
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Tall Fescue adaptation and Use
- managed as bunch-type grass, but can produce very short determinant rhizomes
- ADAPTED TO A WIDE RANGE OF SOIL CONDITIONS
(wet, dry, acid, alkaline)
- DROUGHT AVOIDANCE DUE TO VERY DEEP ROOT SYSTEM
- moderate to POOR cold tolerance
- SHADE TOLERANCE MARGINAL (a niche use in South)
29
Tall Fescue
primary uses
home lawns, general purpose, row, lower maintenance athletic fields
30
Tall fescue cultural intensity
- LOW/MEDIUM, BUT STILL REMAINS AN AESTHETICALLY PLEASING CANOPY
- .25 - 1 lb N/1000 sq ft/growing MONTH
- fairly low disease pressure but BIG PROBLEMS WITH GRAY LEAF SPOT
- little thatching tendency
_- MOWING HEIGHT: 2-3"_
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Tall Fescue
ADVANTAGES
- dark green
- low-med fertility requirement
- good wear tolerance
- med. shade tolerance
- good drought avoider
- EXCELLENT HEAT TOLERANCE
- endophytes for stress resistance
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Tall Fescue
DISADVANTAGES
- med-coarse texture
- bunch type
- poor traffic recovery
- poor cold tolerance
- VERY BROWN PATCH SUSCEPTIBLE
33
Perennial Ryegrass
scientific name
Lolium perenne
34
perennial ryegrass texture and vernation
- fine/medium texture
- folded vernation
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perennial ryegrass
color
- dark green color
- purple color at base
36
perennial ryegrass veination
prominent mid-vein
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perennial ryegrass leaf characteristics
- does not have boat shaped leaf tip
- waxy upper leaf surface results in a lot of clossy reflection USED FOR STRIPING TURF
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perennial ryegrass
adaptation and use
- moist, cool climates
- moist, slightly acid soils
- NOT TOLERANT TO TEMPERATURE EXTREMES, but being bread for better heat tolerance
- EXTREMELY RAPID SEED GERMINATION (4-7 DAYS)
- WINTER OVERSEDING OF WARM-SEASON TURFS:most popular choice for lawns, golf, and sports turfs
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perennial ryegrass
primary uses
home lawns, sports turf, golf
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perennial ryegrass cultural intensity
- moderate to high levels of maintenance
- THE MOST WEAR TOLERANT COOL-SEASON TURFGRASS, BUT POOR RECUPERATIVE POTENTIAL
- little thatching intensity
- mowing height: .5 - 1.5"
- TREMENDOUS PROBLEMS IN LATE 1990S WITH GRAY LEAF SPOT. for many situations, extensive fungicide programs have been the only way to keep perennial ryegrass alive
41
perennial ryegrass cultivars
- over 100 cultivars
- established from seed
- fairly new on the market: Lolium perenne x. L. multiflorum =\> intermediate ryegrass (has best of annual and perennial)
42
perennial ryegrass
ADVANTAGES
- dark green, BEST STRIPER
- med-fine texture & density
- good wear tolerance
- quick germination and establishment
- endophytes for stress resistance
43
perennial ryegrass
DISADVANTAGES
- bunch type, fast leaf growth, poor mowing quality
- poor traffic recovery
- slippery blades
- POOR COLD TOLERANCE
- POOR SHADE, HEAT, DROUGHT TOLERANCE
- very susceptible to bp, ds, rust, gray leaf spot, pythium, read thread
44
Fine-leaf fescues
species
- creeping red fescue
- chewings fescue
- sheep fescue
- hard fescue
45
creeping red fescue
scientific name
Festuca rubra
46
chewings fescue
scientific name
Festuca rubra ssp. falax
47
sheep fescue scientific name
Festuca ovina
48
hard fescue scientific name
Festuca trachyphylla
49
the largest of the two categories of fine fescues in use in the US are
creeping red and chewings fescues
50
fine fescues
description
creeping red fescue: very short, determinate rhizomes, but managed as bunch grass
chewings is a bunchgrass that grows more upright that creeping red
- needle-like leaves, tightly folded
- purple color at base
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fine fescue
adaptation and use
- WELL DRAINED SOILS ARE ESSENTIAL
- BEST SHADE TOLERANCE OF THE COOL-SEASON TURFS
- does very well in low pH soils
- EXCEPTIONAL COLD TOLERANCE, POOR HEAT TOLERANCE
- Uses: SHADED HOME LAWN TURF
- germination is relatively slow: 14-21 days
52
fine fescue
cultural intensity
- BEST POOR MAN'S GRASS FOR COOL SEASON
- least amount of maintenance for a cool-season grass
- lowest fertility requirements
- low water requirements
- mowing height 1-2"
53
fine fescue
ADVANTAGES
- fine texture/density
- low fertility requirements
- persist in infertile, but well-drained soil
- low water users
- good shade tolerance
- good drought tolerance
- great natural look when unmowed
- best winter color retention
54
fine fescue
DISADVANTAGES
- tend to lay over, poor mowing quality
- poor traffic tolerance and recovery
- lighter green
- med-poor heat tolerance
- do poorly in high humidity/saturated soil
- summer patch, brown patch
55
creeping bentgrass
scientific name
Agrostis stolonifera
56
creeping bentgrass
description
- STOLONIFEROUS
- rolled vernation
VERY PROMINENT MEMBRANOUS LIGULE
- numerous parallel veins
- sharp pointed leaf ti
- ver soft touch
- typically as blue-green color
57
creeping bentgrass
adaptation and use
- desires moist acidic soils
- BEST SUITED FOR VERY CLOSE MOWING SITUATIONS
- shade tolerance average
- outstanding cold tolerance
- SHALLOWEST ROOT SYSTEM
- POOR DROUGHT AND TRAFFIC TOLERANCE
- GOOD HEAT TOLERANCE
- MOST DISEASE SUSCEPTIBLE
58
creeping bentgrass
adaptation and use
- germination: 4-7 days
- 60-90 DAYS TO ACHIEVE PLAYING QUALITY FOR GOLF
- very important gold turf
59
creeping bentgrass
cultural intensity
HIGHEST MAINTENANCE TURFGRASS
- very high
- reel mowers a necessity
60
creeping bentgrass
Pencross
- revolutionized golf course management
- first improved seeded bentgrass
- much improved uniformity
- all previous establishment was with sprigs
61
creeping bentgrass
southern bents
- heat and drought breeding
62
creeping bentgrass
A & G
- extreme density and fine leaft texture, very few stolons, but prolific tillering
- very high maintenance requirement, topdressing, vertical mowing, foliar feeding
1/8" mowing height recommended
63
creeping bentgrass
ADVANTAGES
- tolerates close mowing
- recuperates well
- extremely dense
- fine textured
- soft
- very cold tolerant
- decent heat tolerance
64
creeping bentgrass
DISADVANTAGES
- very disease susceptible
- poor wear tolerance
- shallow rooted
- high fertility demands
- slow to greenup in spring, quick to go dormant in fall
- requires constant care
65
italian (annual) ryegrass
scientific name
Lolium multiflorum
66
annual ryegrass
description
- true bunch type grass
- rolled vernation
- leaves with sharp tip and many parallel veins
- NOT STIFF BLADED AS TALL FESCUE
- purple color at base
- very glossy upper leaf surface
67
annual ryegrass
adaptation and use
- LEAST TEMPERATURE EXTREME TOLERANT
- FASTEST SHOOT GROWTH RATE
- FASTEST SEED GERMINATION (3-4 DAYS) AND ESTABLISHMENT
- BEST SEEDLING VIGOR
- good transition, leaves early
- moist acidic soil desirable
- POOR TRAFFIC TOLERANCE
- PRIMARY USES
- temp winter cover
- soil stabilization
68
annual ryegrass
cultural intensity
low to high (depends on use)
69
lolium multiflorum
ADVANTAGES
- inexpensive
- rapid germination/high seeding vigor
- very aggressive
- poor heat tolerance
70
lolium multiflorum
DISADVANTAGES
- light green color
- bunch type
- poor cold tolerance
- poor heat tolerance
- poor density
- will not tolerate close mowing
- rapid vertical growth
- coarse textured
- disease susceptible
- poor wear tolerance
71
intermediate ryegrass
scientific name
Lolium hybridum
72
intermediate ryegrass is a cross between:
perennial ryegrass and annual ryegrass
73
intermediate ryegrass is primarily used for:
overseeding
very abrupt transition
74
roughstalk bluegrass
scientific name
Poa trivialis
75
roughstalk bluegrass description
- weakly stoloniferous
- folded vernation
- membranous ligule (shorter than annual bluegrass and longer than KBG)
- boat shaped tip, but not as prominent as that for KBG
- prominent mid-vein
- yellow/green color
76
roughstalk bluegrass
adaptation and use
- moist acidic soils
- SHADE TOLERANCE SECOND TO FINE FESCUE
- BETTER TOLERANCE TO CLOSE CLIPPING AS COMPARED TO KBG
- poor heat and drought tolerance
- very popular choice for winter gold gren overseedingin warm climates
77
roughstalk bluegrass
adaptation and use
- rapid germination: 4-7 days
- rapid establishment: 30-45 days to achieve a desirable playing surface
- excellent putting surface
- WEAR TOLERANCE NOT COMPARABLE TO PERENNIAL RYEGRASS
- HAS BECOME A MAJOR WEED PROBLEM IN HIGH MAINTENANCE KBG AND CREEPING BENTGRASS TURFS IN SOME AREAS
78
roughstalk bluegrass
cultural intensity
low (shade) to high (winter overseeding)
79
Poa trivialis
ADVANTAGES
- excellent cold tolerance
- poor heat tolerance
- high density
- good shade tolerance
- grows in wet soils
- thatch potential is low
80
Poa trivialis
DISADVANTAGES
- yellow-green color
- poor heat tolerance
- poor wear tolerance
- shallow rooted
- slow establishment
- fairly disease susceptible
- sensitive to herbicides
81
annual bluegrass
scientific name
Poa annua
82
annual bluegrass
description
- a bunch-type plant noted for prolific tillering and density
- folded vernation
- boat shaped leaf tips
- prominent mid-vein
- large, membranous ligule
- leaves often have wrinkles on the surface
- noted for prolific and rapid production of seedheads
83
annual bluegrass
characteristics
- winter weed problem in southern US
- considered weed in cooler climates
- thrives in wet, compacted soils, high N and P fertility
- tolerates 1/8' mowing heights
84
annual bluegrass
ADVANTAGES
- tolerates close mowing
- rapid germination
85
Poa annua
DISADVANTAGES
- tolerates close mowing
- rapid germination
- poor heat tolerance
- poor cold tolerance
- shallow rooted
- seedheads
- disease susceptible
- high fertility requirement
- light green color
- tends to clump
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