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Introduction to Linguistics > Test 2.2 Terms > Flashcards

Test 2.2 Terms Flashcards

1
Q

allomorph
and examples

A

variations of morphemes; different forms of the same morpheme or basic unit of meaning, different pronunciations or spellings
(s) has 3 morphemes
- s as in judges
- z as in dogz
- əz as in boxəz

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2
Q

minimal pairs
and example

A

two words with different meanings that are identical except for one that occurs in the same place in each word
- ex. cab and cap
we can assume allomorph is selected based on final sounds of the mouns caps vs cabz

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3
Q

phonemes

A

basic unit of sound and are sensed in your mind rather than spoken or heard

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4
Q

allophones

A

actual sound being produced in various enviornments

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5
Q

illustration of allophones

A
  1. vowels are nasalized before a nasal consonant w/in the same word (nasalized vowels do not change meaning)
  2. consonants also have allophones
    tick, /tIk/, [t^h I k]
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6
Q

complementary distributions

A

allophones of a phoneme never occur in the same enviornment
- the replacement of one sound for another will not change the meaning of the word

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7
Q

phones

A

sounds
- complementary distribution alone is not sufficient to determine the allophones of a phoneme. The phones much also be phonetically similar; that is share most phonetic features

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8
Q

distinctive phonemic feature

A

when a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another

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9
Q

feature value

A

two values [+feature] [-feature] to indicate presence or absence of a feature
- ex. b [+voiced] p [-voiced]

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10
Q

nondistinctive

A

when a feature is predictable by a rule for a certain class of sounds
- ex. aspiration is a nondistinctive feature for voiceless stops in english

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11
Q

can the same phones occur in two languages?

A

yes, but pattern differently because phonologies of the language are different
ex. aspiration is not distinctive in english but is distinctive in Thai

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12
Q

Natural classes of sounds

A

a group of sounds described by a small number of distinctive features

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13
Q

The three rules of phonology

A
  1. phonemic representation of a word
  2. phonetic representation (rule-governed)
  3. feature-changing rules
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14
Q

Feature Changing rules
assimilation rules:

  • coarticulation
A

assimilation rules: a rules that makes neighboring segments more similar by duplicating a phonetic property

  • coarticulation: reflected in assimilation, the spreading of phonetic features either in anticipation or in the preservation of articulatory processes
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15
Q

Feature changing rules:
dissimilation rules

A

dissimilation rules: a segment becomes less like another segment

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16
Q

insertion and deletion rules

A

add or delete entire segments

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17
Q

epenthesis

A

adding a segment
- ex. plurals, possessives etc

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18
Q

deletion

A

deleting a segment
- ex. memory -> memry

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19
Q

Phonological rules provide…

A

the phonetic information necessary for the pronunciation of utterances

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20
Q

Derivation

A

the way the phonological rules apply to the underlying phonemic representations to create the phonetic representation

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21
Q

syllables

A

phonological units composed of one or more phonemes

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22
Q

nucleus

A

every syllable has one, may preceed or follow by one or more phonemes called the onset and coda

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23
Q

rime

A

nucleus+coda

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24
Q

phrasal stress

A

when words are combines into phrases and sentences, one syllable recieves more stress than others
- can distinguish a compound noun from an adjective + noun combo

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25
Q

contrastive tones

A

when pitch is a phonemic feature

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26
Q

pitch contour/intonation

A

used to distinguish questions from statements, can also disambiguate sentences

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27
Q

phonotactic constraints

A

limitations on sequences of segment
- based on syllables and vary from language to language

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28
Q

lexical gaps

A

words that don’t exist in a language but could exist because they conform to the phonotactic constraints of the language

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29
Q

optimality theory

A

proposed that a universal set of phonological constraints exists and that this set is ordered with some constraints begin more highly ranked

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30
Q

how do you determine phonemes and allophones in a language other than english?

A
  1. are there any minimal pairs in the data in which these sounds contrast?
  2. Are any noncontrastive sounds in complementary distribution?
  3. If nonconstrasting phones are found, what are the underlying phonemes and their allophones
  4. What are the phonological rules by which the allophones can be derived?
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31
Q

Suprasegmental features

A

intonation patterns, stress placement, and rhythm in spoken languages

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32
Q

Prosodic Phonology

A

study of the tune and rhythm of speech and how these features contribute to meaning

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33
Q

Can a word have syllable with stress?

A

yes, this occurs in many languages
in english=leads to differences in pronunciation

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34
Q

idolect

A

language of an individual speaker with its unique characteristics

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35
Q

dialect

A

mutually intelligible forms of a language that differ in systematic wats

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36
Q

dialect continuum

A

formed when dialects merge into each other

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37
Q

dialect leveling

A

movement towards greater uniformity and less variation among dialects

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38
Q

regional dialect

A

a variety of a language spoken in a particular area of a country

39
Q

accent

A

a way of pronouncing a language that is distincitve to a country, area, social class, or individual

40
Q

phonological differences

A

systmatic pronunciation differences between dialects
- south, northeast, midland
Mary, marry, merry
caught. vs cot
Pin vs Pen

41
Q

Lexical differences

A

different words for the same meaning
ex. british-lift
american-elevator

42
Q

syntactic differences and example

A

differences in syntax
ex. double modals (he might should go home)
double objects (I caught me a fish)
progressives (he came a-runnin’)

all examples of Appalachian English

43
Q

Dialect Atlases

A

plot dialect difference geographically

44
Q

dialect areas

A

concentrations of linguistic difference

45
Q

isoglosses

A

lines drawn on dialect atlases to separate areas

46
Q

social dialects

A

dialects associates with gender, socioeconomic status, religion, race, and ethnicity, and country of origin

47
Q

The “standard”

A

standard american english is the dominant dialect in america

48
Q

Prestige

A

language with most power or that is the most normal

49
Q

hypercorrect

A

overfixing a language to use the dominant language and seem more prestigious

50
Q

banned languages

A

languages banned on false notion that some languages are better than other or for political control

51
Q

african american english

A

social dialect spoken by a large population of americans of african descent

52
Q

phonological differences between AAE and SAE

A
  1. R-deletion except before a vowel
  2. consonant Cluster reduction: may simplify consonant clusters particularly at end of words and when one consonant is alveolar
  3. neutralization of [I] and [E] before nasals
  4. Diphthong reduction: diphthong [ɔj] to [ɔ]
  5. loss of interdental fricatives: changes interdental fricative to other fricative or stops
53
Q

syntactic difference in AAC and SAE

A
  1. multiple negatives
  2. deletion of “be”
  3. Habitual “be”
  4. “there” replacement: replaces “there” with “its” in positive sentences and “don’t” or “ain’t” in negative setences
54
Q

Chicano english

A

a dialect in english spoken by many Mexican Americans

55
Q

Phonological variables of ChE

A
  1. uses 5 vowels of spanish not 6 vowels used in English
  2. affricate [ʈʃ] and fricative [ʃ] are interchanged
  3. word-final consonant cluster reduction: he loves her-> he love her
  4. add a vowel before words that begin with an [s]: school -> eschool
56
Q

syntactic variables of ChE

A
  1. multiple negatives
57
Q

lexical differences of ChE

A

ChE: borrow SAE: lend
ChE: barely SAE: just

58
Q

Genderlects

A

speech variety or communication style particularly associated with one sec
- languages can have different words or grammar based on sex

59
Q

women speaking features

A
  1. hedges
  2. tag questions
  3. politeness words
  4. use of intensifies
60
Q

sociolinguistic analysis (labov)

A

r-dropping and its use of upper, middle, and lower class individuals and employees at department stores
-/r/ most pronounced among upper class

61
Q

lingua francas

A

language common to speaker of diverse languages that can be used for communication and commerce
- english is used in academic conferences
- Swahili in eastern africa

62
Q

pidgin

A

new language creates through different languages coming together from trade, colonization, or immigration

63
Q

superstrate/lexifier language

A

dominant language where most vocabulary comes from

64
Q

substrate language

A

other languages that contribute to grammatical systems

65
Q

pidginization

A

over simpliciation of some language and a reduction of the number of domains of its use

66
Q

creolization

A

the expansion of a lexicon and grammar and an increase of the number of contexts of use

67
Q

creole

A

a language that has evolved in a context situation to become the native language of a generation of speakers

68
Q

Bilingualism

A

the ability too speak two or more languages

69
Q

individual bilingualism

A

within one person

70
Q

societal bilingualism

A

within a society
ex. canada and switzerland

71
Q

codeswitching

A

speech style in which fluent speakers switch languages between or within sentences
- follows its own grammatical structure

72
Q

synthetic approach

A

stressed the teaching of grammatical, lexical, phonological, and functional unites of the language step by step

73
Q

grammatical translation

A

method focuses on learning lists of words and rules and translates text

74
Q

analytic approach

A

assumes that adult can extract the rules of language from unstructured output like a child does with 1st language aquisition

75
Q

content based instruction

A

focuses on making language meaningful and getting student to communicant in the language

76
Q

Teaching Reading: whole-word approach

A

teaches children to recognize 50 t0 100 words through wrote leaning and the other words are learned gradually

77
Q

Teaching Reading: phonics

A

emphasized the correspondence between letters and sounds so kids cna sound out words, nut there are many inconsistencies with English Spelling

78
Q

Teaching Reading: whole language approach

A

assumes that children approach reading as a natural activity that children will do on their own like speaking and focuses on encouraging children to make their own connections between letters and sounds as they explore texts

79
Q

Bilingual education: transitional bilingual education

A

students receive instruction in both their native language and English with the native language support being phased out over the years

80
Q

Bilingual Education: Bilingual Maintenance

A

student remain in bilingual classes for their entire education

81
Q

Bilingual Education: Dual language immersion

A

native and non native speakers are enrolled in bilingual education, the goal being to have all students become bilingual

82
Q

Styles

A

different ways tfo speaking based on context

83
Q

slang

A

something that nearly everybody uses and can recognize but nobody can precisely define

84
Q

Jargon and Argot

A

specialized terms used in various occupations

85
Q

Taboo

A

words that are dirty although there is nothing intrinsically dirty or offensive wrong with it
- often multiple terms with the same meaning with one being accepted and one being taboo

86
Q

euphemism

A

word or phrase that replaces a taboo word or to avoid unpleasant subjects

87
Q

denotative meaning

A

referential meaning of the word or expression

88
Q

connotative meaning

A

the evocative or affective meaning assoicated with the word
- two words or expressions may have the same denotative meaning but different connotation (ex. president and commandar-in-chief)

89
Q

Epithets

A

used for people of different religions, races, nationalities, sexual orientations and ethnicities tell us something about the speaker or writer who uses those terms
- can be prejudice or racial terminology

90
Q

gendered offensive terms

A

women- pussy whore piece of ass
men- jock, boy toy

91
Q

marked and unmarked wording when referring to humans

A

marked: anything relating to women (heiress)
unmarked: anything relating to men (heir)

92
Q

secret languages and language games

A

invented to help identify with a group and to prevent outsiders from understanding

93
Q

Nushu secret language

A

secret written language used by women in sexual repressive imperial china

94
Q

Walbiri language game

A

in australia; language game in which nouns, verb, pronouns and adjectives are replaced by semantically contrastive words

Introduction to Linguistics (2 decks)

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