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Endo/Repro > Test 2 (Week 5) > Flashcards

Test 2 (Week 5) Flashcards

1
Q

endometroid adenocarcinoma is associated with which specific gene mutation?

A

PTEN

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2
Q

Vulvar melanoma is mucin, PAS stain _____.

A

negative

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3
Q

Why does Prempro suck so bad that it’s trial got canceled?

A

increased risk of heart attacks, stroke, breast cancer, and blood clots

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4
Q

What’s Mifepristone (RU 486) used for?

A

abortifacient; combined w/ misoprostol

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5
Q

Brenner tumors have a predominant stromal component with island of _____.

A

transitional epithelium (look like bladder epithelium)

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6
Q

where do follicle cysts originate?

A

enraptured Graffian follicles

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7
Q

What is Chandelier sign?

A

cervix is tender (moving abscess) and painful to patient

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8
Q

What are the possible side effects of infertility treatment?

A

ovarian hyperstimulation, pulmonary complications (atelectasis and ARDS), CV complications (thrombosis and embolism)

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9
Q

abnormal vaginal discharge with strong “fishy” odor =

A

bacterial vaginosis

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10
Q

What causes bacterial vaginosis?

A

Replacement of lactobacilli and normal flora with overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria; this alters the normal vaginal environment

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11
Q

What’s the most common cause of bloody nipple discharge?

A

intraductal papilloma

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12
Q

extramammary Paget’s disease is mucin, PAS stain ____.

A

postive

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13
Q

What’s the only place you can cultivate pathogenic Treponema palladium?

A

rabbit testes.

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14
Q

What’s the major side effect of Diethylstilbestrol (DES)?

A

teratogenic; increased risk of child developing vaginal or cervical cancer if used in utero

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15
Q

Most common breast tumor in adolescent and young adults

A

fibroadenoma

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16
Q

What’s the most common causes of Salpingitis?

A

chlamydia or gonorrhea

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17
Q

How does serous “papillary” carcinoma spread?

A

–Spread through the fallopian tubes to the peritoneal cavity, thus worse prognosis –Lacks cell-surface adhesion molecules; spreads via exfoliation

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18
Q

What’s the causative agent of syphillis?

A

Treponema pallidum

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19
Q

Which cell type predominates in chronic endometritis ?

A

plasma cells

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20
Q

What’s the most common cause of anovulatory cycle?

A

obesity; peripheral fat makes estradiol

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21
Q

What is Fitz-Hughes-Curtis syndrome?

A

perihepatitis caused by chlamydia and gonorrhea on liver; can see “violin string” adhesions of parietal peritoneum to liver

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22
Q

What’s the shape of Treponema pallidum

A

corkscrew

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23
Q

What stain can you use to diagnose extramammary Paget’s disease?

A

mucin stain +

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24
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Endometrial glands, stroma or both outside the uterine corpus.

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25
Q

The cause of chronic cervicitis is almost always ____.

A

Chlamydia

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26
Q

non-odorous white “cottage cheese” discharge =

A

candida albicans vulvovaginitis

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27
Q

What’s the most common cause of infertility and ectopic pregnancy?

A

pelvic inflammatory disease

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28
Q

What causes chronic endometritis?

A

gonorrhea, chlamydia, IUD (actinomyces) -not associated with pregnancy or retained products

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29
Q

What is a Jarisch-Herxheimer Reaction?

A

systemic reaction caused by the release of large numbers of killed syphilis organisms beginning 6-8 hours following treatment w/ effective antibiotic

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30
Q

What’s the treatment for syphilis?

A

penicillin G

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31
Q

Describe Sarcoma botryoides (including it’s effected patient population)

A

it’s a rare malignant skeletal muscle sarcoma on the anterior wall of the vagina.. shows rapid growing polypoid grape-lie mass; effects kid/infants under 5

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32
Q

How is Clomiphene effective in treating infertility?

A

it’s competitive inhibitor of estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus, so it prevents negative feedback = GnRH, FSH and LH levels increase

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33
Q

What is Danazol used for?

A

endometriosis and fibrocystic breast disease

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34
Q

extramammary Paget’s disease is S-100 protein _____.

A

negative

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35
Q

What organ is also removed in a patient with a mucinous cystadenoma of the ovary? Why?

A

the appendix is also removed; appendiceal tumor is the most common cause of pseudomyxoma pertonei (mucin throughout the abdomen)

36
Q

In what tumor are Call-Exner bodies found?

A

granulosa cell tumor

37
Q

Which cell type predominates in acute endometritis?

A

neutrophils

38
Q

What are the more common progestins used in contraceptive meds?

A

Norgestrel Levonorgestrel Norethindrone Ethynodiol diacetate

39
Q

What will characteristically be found in Leydig cells?

A

Reinke crystals

40
Q

What’s the weird thing about Leiomyosarcoma?

A

Majority arise de novo, not out of pre-existing leiomyoma. **Leiomyomas are NOT a risk factor for leiomyosarcoma

41
Q

How do you treat anovulatory cycle?

A

OCP’s

42
Q

What’s Raloxifine used for?

A

postmenopausal osteoporosis; agonist of estrogen receptors in the bone

43
Q

Clear cell tumors have the highest association with ____. They may also have associated ______.

A

pelvic endometriosis; hypercalcemia

44
Q

Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina is due to what?

A

intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES)

45
Q

What are Call-Exner bodies?

A

small holes that are full of a pink secretion seen in granulosa cell tumors

46
Q

What’s the MOA of Mifepristone (RU 486)?

A

competitive inhibitor of progestins at progesterone inhibitors

47
Q

The pathogenicity of vaginal candida infections correlates with ability to adhere to tissues. What can increase its ability to attach?

A

estrogen

48
Q

How do the chancre of chancroid differ from the chancre of syphilis?

A

chancroid= painful syphilis= painless

49
Q

What is salpingitis?

A

inflammation of the fallopian tubes

50
Q

What’s the vaginal pH with a candida infection?

A

normal (

51
Q

What causes an anovulatory cycle?

A

Caused by excess estrogen (relative to progesterone) with proliferative “growth” until endometrial collapse on itself, spiral arteries rupture, and bleeding occurs.

52
Q

Which proteins of high risk HPV disable two important tumor suppressor proteins that regulate the cell cycle? Which HPV protein goes with which tumor suppressor?

A

HPV proteins E6 and E7; E6 binds p53 and E7 binds to RB

53
Q

What are the skin lesions that can appear in tertiary syphilis?

A

gummas- granulomatous dermal lesions

54
Q

What’s the most common type of endometrial carcinoma?

A

endometroid adenocarcinoma

55
Q

profuse, frothy, purulent vaginal discharge=

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

56
Q

What hormonal imbalances accompany polycystic ovarian syndrome?

A

exces LH and androgens which lead to sxs of the disease

57
Q

GI tract cancer that metastasizes to the ovaries is called what?

A

Krukenberg tumor

58
Q

What are the 4 things you look at to make a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (you need 3 of em)?

A

1) homogenous white discharge 2) pH>4.5 3) “fishy” amine odor of vaginal fluid mixed with 10% KOH (whiff test) 4) clue cells

59
Q

What stimulates growth of Leiomyomas ?

A

estrogen

60
Q

what is Meigs syndrome?

A

hydrothorax and ascites caused by a thecoma

61
Q

What’s the treatment for infertility when it is due to pituitary hypo function (women fail to ovulate)?

A

hMG/hCG or clomiphene

62
Q

What cancer marker is detected in any ovarian cancer?

A

CA 125

63
Q

What are some side effects of oral contraceptives ?

A

thrombotic events, MI, hypertension, cancer

64
Q

What causes acute endometritis ?

A

Occurs after parturition or miscarriage, especially preterm birth. Due to retained products of conception with subsequent bacterial infection (Usually group B strep)

65
Q

From what cells are Leiomyosarcomas derived from?

A

myometrial cells

66
Q

How will secondary syphilis present?

A

painless lymphadenopathy with fever, malaise, headache, and a generalized skin rash (can be on soles and palms)

67
Q

What’s the MOA of Tamoxifen?

A

it’s a competitive partial agonist of estrogen receptors. Antagonist at breast, agonist at bone and uterus.

68
Q

What’s the vaginal pH with a bacterial vaginosis?

A

pH is elevated (4.7-5.5)

69
Q

Yolk sac tumors are predominantly in young patients. What will be elevated in almost all cases?

A

AFP

70
Q

What’s the MOA of Raloxifine ?

A

antagonist of estrogen receptors of breast and uterus and agonist of these same receptors in the bone

71
Q

benign smooth muscle tumor

A

leiomyoma “fibroids”

72
Q

What’s the most potent natural estrogen?

A

estradiol

73
Q

100% of patients with Paget’s disease of the nipple have associated ____.

A

ductal carcinoma insitu

74
Q

vaginitis with extensive inflammation and tissue erosion around the vagina =

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

75
Q

Describe the histology features of invasive lobular carcinoma.

A

small uniform round or oval nuclei diffusely infiltrating the stroma in a single file pattern

76
Q

Endometrial polyps are associated with the use of what breast chemotherapy med?

A

Tamoxifen

77
Q

The progression to endometrial carcinoma is often due to mutations in which genes?

A

PTEN, KRAS

78
Q

What type of necrosis is seen in ductal carcinoma in situ?

A

comedo necrosis

79
Q

What’s Tamoxifen used for?

A

treat breast cancer (antagonist of estrogen receptors in breast)

80
Q

Serous “papillary” carcinoma”is associated with which specific gene mutation?

A

p53

81
Q

If a patient with pelvic inflammatory disease has RUQ pain, what do you need to be thinking of?

A

Fitz-Hughes-Curtis syndrome

82
Q

What’s the only endometrial carcinoma associated with endometrial hyperplasia?

A

endometroid adenocarcinoma

83
Q

Vulvar melanoma is S100 protein ____.

A

postive

84
Q

What’s the vaginal pH with a Trichomonas vaginalis infection?

A

pH >5.0

85
Q

What’s the MOA of Danazol?

A

synthetic androgen that acts as partial agonist at androgen receptors

86
Q

What’s the name of the skin lesions in syphilis? are they painful?

A

chancre; not painful

Endo/Repro (4 decks)

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