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ZO364 Human Pathophysiology > Test 2 Vocab (chs. 12-15) > Flashcards

Test 2 Vocab (chs. 12-15) Flashcards

1
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

a condition of severe acute inflammation and pulmonary edema without evidence of fluid overload or impaired cardiac function

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2
Q

anoxia

A

the absolute deprivation of oxygen

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3
Q

aspiration

A

inhaling a foreign substance into the lungs

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4
Q

asthma

A

a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways resulting in intermittent or persistent airway obstruction caused by bronchial hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and excess mucus production

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5
Q

atelectasis

A

a condition of collapse and nonareation of the alveoli

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6
Q

atypical pneumonia

A

causes damage through immune-mediated mechanisms rather than direct damage caused by bacteria

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7
Q

barrel chest

A

change in the shape of the chest wall, changing from a 1:2-AP:T ratio to a 1:1-AP:T ratio due to chronic dilation and distention in the alveoli

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8
Q

bronchiestasis

A

the irreversible dilation and destruction of the bronchial tree most often caused by chronic obstruction or infection

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9
Q

central cyanosis

A

a problem of low oxygen saturation in the arterial blood, seen as color changes in the skin and mucous membranes

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10
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

the presence of a persistent, productive cough that lasts for 3 months or longer for 2 or more consecutive years

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11
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

a generic term that describes all chronic obstructive lung problems including asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis, separately or in combination

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12
Q

clubbing

A

a painless enlargement and downward sloping of the tips of fingers or toes due to chronic hypoxia

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13
Q

cor pulmonale

A

right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries)

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14
Q

costochondritis

A

inflammation of one or more costal cartilages, characterized by pain in the anterior chest wall and may be triggered with coughing

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15
Q

cyanosis

A

a result of inadequate oxygenation in the blood, which gives the blood a bluish hue

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16
Q

cystic fibrosis (CF)

A

an autosomal recessive disorder of electrolytes and subsequently water transport that affects certain epithelial cells: respiratory, digestive and reproductive

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17
Q

diffusion

A

movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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18
Q

dyspnea

A

the subjective feeling of shortness of breath or the inability to get enough air

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19
Q

hemoptysis

A

coughing up blood from the respiratory tract; defined by the presence of red blood cells in the sputum

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20
Q

hypercapnia

A

a state of increased carbon dioxide in the blood

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21
Q

hypoxemia

A

decreased oxygen in the arterial blood leading to a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)

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22
Q

hypoxia

A

cellular deprivation of oxygen

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23
Q

insidiously

A

gradual in onset

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24
Q

nosocomial

A

describes illnesses that are caused by exposure to the healthcare environment

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25
Q

orthopnea

A

shortness of breath while lying down causing physical need to sit upright or standing position to reduce respiratory effort

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26
Q

perfusion

A

passage of blood or other fluid through a vessel and into the vascular bed of a tissue to provide oxygen and other nutrients

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27
Q

peripheral cyanosis

A

a problem of sluggish blood flow in the fingers and toes

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28
Q

phlegm

A

thicker than normal mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract; thick sputum

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29
Q

pleural effusion

A

fluid in the pleural (lungs) space

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30
Q

pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lungs occurring commonly in the bronchioles, interstitial lung tissue, or the alveoli

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31
Q

pneumothorax

A

the presence of air in the pleural space that causes complete or partial lung collapse

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32
Q

pulmonary embolus

A

a blockage that occludes a pulmonary blood vessel

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33
Q

retractions

A

the pulling in of accessory muscles usually in the intercostal, substernal, and supraclavicular spaces to promote more effective inspiration

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34
Q

sepsis

A

a bacterial infection of the blood

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35
Q

sputum

A

mixture of saliva and mucus coughed out (expectorated) from the respiratory tract

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36
Q

status asthmaticus

A

a state of bronchospasm that is not reversed by the patient’s medications or other measures

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37
Q

ventilation

A

the movement of air into and out of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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38
Q

acquired hypothyroidism

A

also called Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, a condition that does not allow the thyroid gland to make enough thyroid hormone. most often caused by autoimmunity

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39
Q

Addison disease

A

a condition of adrenal cortical insufficiency most commonly caused by the autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex

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40
Q

amenorrhea

A

the abnormal absence of menstruation

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41
Q

anovulation

A

the absence of ovulation

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42
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

nonmalignant overgrowth of prostate tissue

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43
Q

congenital hypothyroidism

A

occurs during fetal development and results in thyroid gland underdevelopment, insufficient synthesis of thyroid hormone, or problems with TSH secretion

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44
Q

cushing syndrome

A

a condition of excess glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex

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45
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

a condition of insufficient antidiuretic hormone (ADH) resulting in the inability of the body to concentrate or retain water

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46
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

pain with menstruation

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47
Q

endometriosis

A

a condition involving endometrial tissue that is located outside of the uterus

48
Q

dyspareunia

A

painful intercourse

49
Q

exophthalmos

A

a protrusion of the eyeballs that sometimes occurs with hyperthyroidism

50
Q

goiter

A

an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by follicular epithelial hyperplasia from excessive thyroid hormone exposure

51
Q

graves disease

A

an autoimmune condition that causes excess stimulation of the thyroid gland

52
Q

Hashimoto thyroiditis

A

also called acquired hypothyroidism; an autoimmune hypothyroidism that can result in total destruction of the thyroid gland

53
Q

hirsutism

A

a condition of excessive body hair and facial hair

54
Q

hypercortisolism

A

excess of cortisol; detrimental, leading to exhaustion of inflammatory and immune responses, excessive loss of body proteins and breakdown of tissues, and glucose intolerance

55
Q

hyperpituitarism

A

indication the increased secretion of one or more pituitary hormones

56
Q

hyperprolactinemia

A

a condition that results in anovulation and subsequently produces amenorrhea

57
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

a state of excessive thyroid hormone because of excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland, disease of the thyroid gland, or excess production of thyroid-stimulating hormone by a pituitary adenoma

58
Q

hypogonadism

A

a reduction in the levels of testosterone

59
Q

hypopituitarism

A

a generic term indicating the decreased secretion of one or more pituitary hormones

60
Q

hypothyroidism

A

a state of deficient thyroid hormone

61
Q

menarche

A

the time of the first menstrual period

62
Q

menopause

A

permanent cessation of menstruation (menses) for a 12-month period

63
Q

myxedema

A

a condition of hypothyroidism marched by boggy swelling (excessive tenderness on palpation), nonpitting edematous tissue, especially in the face, mucus membranes, hands, and feet, from protein-carbohydrate complexes that accumulate in the extracellular matrix and attract fluid into the tissues

64
Q

panhypopituitarism

A

a deficiency of all anterior pituitary hormones

65
Q

perimenopause

A

gradual transition between normal reproductive cycles and menopause; known as climacteric

66
Q

polydipsia

A

a state of excessive thirst

67
Q

polyuria

A

frequent, large volume urination

68
Q

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

A

a condition of excessive production and release of ADH despite changes in serum osmolality and blood volume

69
Q

teratocarcinomas

A

a combination of embryonic carcinomas and undifferentiated somatic tissues (ex. bone, skin, muscle, glands)

70
Q

thyrotoxic crisis

A

a sudden, severe, worsening of hyperthyroidism that may result in death; also called a thyroid storm

71
Q

thyrotoxicosis

A

excessive circulating level of thyroid hormone

72
Q

accommodate

A

the ability of the eye lens to change its shape

73
Q

acute glaucoma

A

complete closure due to a rapid increase in intraocular pressure due to outflow obstruction of aqueous humor

74
Q

acuity

A

clarity; ability to locate the site of the initiation of a stimulus

75
Q

acute otitis media (AOM)

A

infection in the middle ear, is the most frequent diagnosis in febrile children

76
Q

amblyopia

A

reduced vision in one eye caused by abnormal visual development early in life; one eye wanders inward or outward; known as “lazy eye”

77
Q

angle-closure glaucoma

A

acute glaucoma; caused by a rapid increase in intraocular pressure due to outflow obstruction of aqueous humor

78
Q

aqueous humor

A

nutritive, watery fluid in the eyeball produced by the ciliary body

79
Q

auditory acuity

A

describes how sensitive the auditory system is to sound

80
Q

astigmatism

A

irregular curvature of the cornea or lens preventing focusing of images causing blurred vision

81
Q

aura

A

short-duration, focal neurological events including visual, auditory, somatosensory or motor symptoms

82
Q

auricle

A

the visible part of the external ear

83
Q

barotrauma

A

injury resulting from the inability of the ear to equalize pressure

84
Q

cataract

A

clouding of the lens in the eye; causes blurred vision by scattering incoming light

85
Q

central auditory processing disorder

A

disorder involving an alteration in auditory signal processing in the brain

86
Q

cerumen

A

secretion by glands in the ear; earwax

87
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

hearing loss that occurs due to problems transferring sound waves anywhere along the pathway; may be temporary or permanent

88
Q

conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the eye

89
Q

dermatome

A

specific sensory region of skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root

90
Q

diplopia

A

resulting from a lack of coordination of the extraocular muscles; may result in double vision

91
Q

dry macular degeneration

A

retinal deterioration resulting from deposition of druses under that macular next to the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium; also known as atrophic macular degeneration

92
Q

fibromyalgia

A

condition of pain in the soft tissues and muscles

93
Q

gate control theory

A

model explaining pain perception suggesting that the spinal cord contains “neurologic gates” that either block pain sensations or allow them to travel to the brain for conscious awareness

94
Q

hyperopia

A

error in refraction commonly referred to as farsightedness

95
Q

labyrinthitis

A

inflammation of the labyrinth of the inner (internal) ear; causes severe vertigo and sensorineural hearing loss

96
Q

macula

A

area of the retina responsible for central vision, color vision and fine detail’ area of sharpest vision

97
Q

macular degeneration (MD)

A

eye condition affecting the macular, resulting in distortion or loss of central vision

98
Q

mastoiditis

A

bacterial infection and inflammation of the air cells of the mastoid bone

99
Q

Meniere disease

A

condition associated with severe vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus; related to overproduction or decreased absorption of endolymph

100
Q

myofascia

A

outer membrane of the muscle tissue

101
Q

myopia

A

error in refraction; commonly known as nearsightedness

102
Q

neuropathic

A

pain originating within the nervous system

103
Q

nociceptive

A

relating to the perception or sensation of pain

104
Q

nystagmus

A

involuntary, irregular oscillations of the eye

105
Q

open-angle glaucoma

A

characterized by normal IOP and progressive optic nerve damage with loss of visual fields

106
Q

otitis externa and media

A

inflammation of the external ear canal or “swimmer’s ear”
inflammation of the middle ear caused by infection

107
Q

otorrhea

A

discharge in the ear canal

108
Q

otosclerosis

A

abnormal bone growth in the middle ear; an autosomal dominant condition causing the most common cause of chronic, progressive, and conductive hearing loss; characterized by impaired vibration conduction

109
Q

phantom pain

A

pain that exists in a limb that has been amputated

110
Q

presbycusis

A

sensorineural hearing loss consistent with aging; associated with tinnitus (ringing in the ears)

111
Q

presbyopia

A

condition of farsightedness associated with aging; results from the inability of the ciliary muscle and lens to accommodate for near vision

112
Q

retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)

A

a problem of degenerative changes in small vessels of the retinas; most commonly seen in infants born prematurely; leading childhood cause of blindness

113
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

permanent hearing loss, resulting from disease, trauma, or genetic inheritance of a defect in the cochlear nerve cells

114
Q

strabismus

A

lack of coordination of extrinsic eye muscles; also known as cross-eyed

115
Q

tinnitus

A

ringing or whistling in the ears

116
Q

veritgo

A

spinning sensation

117
Q

wet macular degeneration

A

also called exudative macular degeneration; characterized by new blood vessel formation under the retina and macula

ZO364 Human Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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