Test 2 Vocab (chs. 12-15) Flashcards
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
a condition of severe acute inflammation and pulmonary edema without evidence of fluid overload or impaired cardiac function
anoxia
the absolute deprivation of oxygen
aspiration
inhaling a foreign substance into the lungs
asthma
a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways resulting in intermittent or persistent airway obstruction caused by bronchial hyperresponsiveness, inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and excess mucus production
atelectasis
a condition of collapse and nonareation of the alveoli
atypical pneumonia
causes damage through immune-mediated mechanisms rather than direct damage caused by bacteria
barrel chest
change in the shape of the chest wall, changing from a 1:2-AP:T ratio to a 1:1-AP:T ratio due to chronic dilation and distention in the alveoli
bronchiestasis
the irreversible dilation and destruction of the bronchial tree most often caused by chronic obstruction or infection
central cyanosis
a problem of low oxygen saturation in the arterial blood, seen as color changes in the skin and mucous membranes
chronic bronchitis
the presence of a persistent, productive cough that lasts for 3 months or longer for 2 or more consecutive years
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
a generic term that describes all chronic obstructive lung problems including asthma, emphysema, and chronic bronchitis, separately or in combination
clubbing
a painless enlargement and downward sloping of the tips of fingers or toes due to chronic hypoxia
cor pulmonale
right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries)
costochondritis
inflammation of one or more costal cartilages, characterized by pain in the anterior chest wall and may be triggered with coughing
cyanosis
a result of inadequate oxygenation in the blood, which gives the blood a bluish hue
cystic fibrosis (CF)
an autosomal recessive disorder of electrolytes and subsequently water transport that affects certain epithelial cells: respiratory, digestive and reproductive
diffusion
movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
dyspnea
the subjective feeling of shortness of breath or the inability to get enough air
hemoptysis
coughing up blood from the respiratory tract; defined by the presence of red blood cells in the sputum
hypercapnia
a state of increased carbon dioxide in the blood
hypoxemia
decreased oxygen in the arterial blood leading to a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2)
hypoxia
cellular deprivation of oxygen
insidiously
gradual in onset
nosocomial
describes illnesses that are caused by exposure to the healthcare environment
orthopnea
shortness of breath while lying down causing physical need to sit upright or standing position to reduce respiratory effort
perfusion
passage of blood or other fluid through a vessel and into the vascular bed of a tissue to provide oxygen and other nutrients
peripheral cyanosis
a problem of sluggish blood flow in the fingers and toes
phlegm
thicker than normal mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract; thick sputum
pleural effusion
fluid in the pleural (lungs) space
pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs occurring commonly in the bronchioles, interstitial lung tissue, or the alveoli
pneumothorax
the presence of air in the pleural space that causes complete or partial lung collapse
pulmonary embolus
a blockage that occludes a pulmonary blood vessel
retractions
the pulling in of accessory muscles usually in the intercostal, substernal, and supraclavicular spaces to promote more effective inspiration
sepsis
a bacterial infection of the blood
sputum
mixture of saliva and mucus coughed out (expectorated) from the respiratory tract
status asthmaticus
a state of bronchospasm that is not reversed by the patient’s medications or other measures
ventilation
the movement of air into and out of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs
acquired hypothyroidism
also called Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, a condition that does not allow the thyroid gland to make enough thyroid hormone. most often caused by autoimmunity
Addison disease
a condition of adrenal cortical insufficiency most commonly caused by the autoimmune destruction of the adrenal cortex
amenorrhea
the abnormal absence of menstruation
anovulation
the absence of ovulation
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
nonmalignant overgrowth of prostate tissue
congenital hypothyroidism
occurs during fetal development and results in thyroid gland underdevelopment, insufficient synthesis of thyroid hormone, or problems with TSH secretion
cushing syndrome
a condition of excess glucocorticoid secretion from the adrenal cortex
diabetes insipidus
a condition of insufficient antidiuretic hormone (ADH) resulting in the inability of the body to concentrate or retain water
dysmenorrhea
pain with menstruation
endometriosis
a condition involving endometrial tissue that is located outside of the uterus
dyspareunia
painful intercourse
exophthalmos
a protrusion of the eyeballs that sometimes occurs with hyperthyroidism
goiter
an enlargement of the thyroid gland caused by follicular epithelial hyperplasia from excessive thyroid hormone exposure
graves disease
an autoimmune condition that causes excess stimulation of the thyroid gland
Hashimoto thyroiditis
also called acquired hypothyroidism; an autoimmune hypothyroidism that can result in total destruction of the thyroid gland
hirsutism
a condition of excessive body hair and facial hair
hypercortisolism
excess of cortisol; detrimental, leading to exhaustion of inflammatory and immune responses, excessive loss of body proteins and breakdown of tissues, and glucose intolerance
hyperpituitarism
indication the increased secretion of one or more pituitary hormones
hyperprolactinemia
a condition that results in anovulation and subsequently produces amenorrhea
hyperthyroidism
a state of excessive thyroid hormone because of excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland, disease of the thyroid gland, or excess production of thyroid-stimulating hormone by a pituitary adenoma
hypogonadism
a reduction in the levels of testosterone
hypopituitarism
a generic term indicating the decreased secretion of one or more pituitary hormones
hypothyroidism
a state of deficient thyroid hormone
menarche
the time of the first menstrual period
menopause
permanent cessation of menstruation (menses) for a 12-month period
myxedema
a condition of hypothyroidism marched by boggy swelling (excessive tenderness on palpation), nonpitting edematous tissue, especially in the face, mucus membranes, hands, and feet, from protein-carbohydrate complexes that accumulate in the extracellular matrix and attract fluid into the tissues
panhypopituitarism
a deficiency of all anterior pituitary hormones
perimenopause
gradual transition between normal reproductive cycles and menopause; known as climacteric
polydipsia
a state of excessive thirst
polyuria
frequent, large volume urination
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
a condition of excessive production and release of ADH despite changes in serum osmolality and blood volume
teratocarcinomas
a combination of embryonic carcinomas and undifferentiated somatic tissues (ex. bone, skin, muscle, glands)
thyrotoxic crisis
a sudden, severe, worsening of hyperthyroidism that may result in death; also called a thyroid storm
thyrotoxicosis
excessive circulating level of thyroid hormone
accommodate
the ability of the eye lens to change its shape
acute glaucoma
complete closure due to a rapid increase in intraocular pressure due to outflow obstruction of aqueous humor
acuity
clarity; ability to locate the site of the initiation of a stimulus
acute otitis media (AOM)
infection in the middle ear, is the most frequent diagnosis in febrile children
amblyopia
reduced vision in one eye caused by abnormal visual development early in life; one eye wanders inward or outward; known as “lazy eye”
angle-closure glaucoma
acute glaucoma; caused by a rapid increase in intraocular pressure due to outflow obstruction of aqueous humor
aqueous humor
nutritive, watery fluid in the eyeball produced by the ciliary body
auditory acuity
describes how sensitive the auditory system is to sound
astigmatism
irregular curvature of the cornea or lens preventing focusing of images causing blurred vision
aura
short-duration, focal neurological events including visual, auditory, somatosensory or motor symptoms
auricle
the visible part of the external ear
barotrauma
injury resulting from the inability of the ear to equalize pressure
cataract
clouding of the lens in the eye; causes blurred vision by scattering incoming light
central auditory processing disorder
disorder involving an alteration in auditory signal processing in the brain
cerumen
secretion by glands in the ear; earwax
conductive hearing loss
hearing loss that occurs due to problems transferring sound waves anywhere along the pathway; may be temporary or permanent
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the eye
dermatome
specific sensory region of skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root
diplopia
resulting from a lack of coordination of the extraocular muscles; may result in double vision
dry macular degeneration
retinal deterioration resulting from deposition of druses under that macular next to the basement membrane of the retinal pigment epithelium; also known as atrophic macular degeneration
fibromyalgia
condition of pain in the soft tissues and muscles
gate control theory
model explaining pain perception suggesting that the spinal cord contains “neurologic gates” that either block pain sensations or allow them to travel to the brain for conscious awareness
hyperopia
error in refraction commonly referred to as farsightedness
labyrinthitis
inflammation of the labyrinth of the inner (internal) ear; causes severe vertigo and sensorineural hearing loss
macula
area of the retina responsible for central vision, color vision and fine detail’ area of sharpest vision
macular degeneration (MD)
eye condition affecting the macular, resulting in distortion or loss of central vision
mastoiditis
bacterial infection and inflammation of the air cells of the mastoid bone
Meniere disease
condition associated with severe vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss and tinnitus; related to overproduction or decreased absorption of endolymph
myofascia
outer membrane of the muscle tissue
myopia
error in refraction; commonly known as nearsightedness
neuropathic
pain originating within the nervous system
nociceptive
relating to the perception or sensation of pain
nystagmus
involuntary, irregular oscillations of the eye
open-angle glaucoma
characterized by normal IOP and progressive optic nerve damage with loss of visual fields
otitis externa and media
inflammation of the external ear canal or “swimmer’s ear”
inflammation of the middle ear caused by infection
otorrhea
discharge in the ear canal
otosclerosis
abnormal bone growth in the middle ear; an autosomal dominant condition causing the most common cause of chronic, progressive, and conductive hearing loss; characterized by impaired vibration conduction
phantom pain
pain that exists in a limb that has been amputated
presbycusis
sensorineural hearing loss consistent with aging; associated with tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
presbyopia
condition of farsightedness associated with aging; results from the inability of the ciliary muscle and lens to accommodate for near vision
retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)
a problem of degenerative changes in small vessels of the retinas; most commonly seen in infants born prematurely; leading childhood cause of blindness
sensorineural hearing loss
permanent hearing loss, resulting from disease, trauma, or genetic inheritance of a defect in the cochlear nerve cells
strabismus
lack of coordination of extrinsic eye muscles; also known as cross-eyed
tinnitus
ringing or whistling in the ears
veritgo
spinning sensation
wet macular degeneration
also called exudative macular degeneration; characterized by new blood vessel formation under the retina and macula
