Patho Final Vocab (chs. 16-20) Flashcards
altered perfusion
the inability to adequately oxygenate tissues at the capillary level
anaphylactic shock
a condition of impaired tissue perfusion from severe allergic reaction because of a massive immune (type 1 or IgE-mediated) hypersensitivity response
anemia
condition characterized by deficiency of red blood cells and subsequent oxygen resulting in pallor and tiredness
angina pextoris
chest pain or pressure that is intermittent and associated with myocardial ischemia, a reduction in blood flow to the coronary arteries caused by atherosclerosis often accompanied by vasospasm
aphasia
language impairment; commonly caused by a stroke
ataxia
inability to control balance
atherosclerosis
a condition of irregularly distributed lipid deposits in the inner lining (intima) of large or medium arteries
blood pressure
the pressure or tension of the blood within the systemic blood vessels, usually measured in an artery
c-reactive protein
a nonspecific acute phase protein that is produced by the liver in response to tissue injury and is a marker of inflammation
cardiac dysrhythmias
a category of problems with maintaining an efficient heart rhythm, such as impairments of the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, cardiac cells that join the SA and AV nodes, or conduction systems in the atria or ventricles
cardiac output
the volume of blood pumped from the ventricles in 1 minute; the heart rate multiplied by the stroke volume and measured in liters per minute
cardiogenic shock
the result of inadequate or ineffective cardiac pumping
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
stroke; an acute neurological injury that results from pathogenic events such as shock, cerebral hemorrhage, ischemia, or infarction, leading to cerebral circulation impairment
circulation
the continuous movement of blood throughout the body, driven by the pumping action of the heart
congestive heart failure
occurs when the left ventricle of the heart is ineffective and blood backs up into the pulmonary vein and subsequently into the lung tissues; results in pulmonary edema’ also called left heart failure
cor pulmonale
right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries)
coronary circulation
considered part of the systemic circulatory network; singled out primarily because the heart is the pump that pushes oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
coronary heart disease
a term used to identify any problem of impaired coronary circulation
diplopia
double vision
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
a condition of uncontrolled activation of clotting factors that results in widespread thrombi formation, followed by the depletion of coagulation factors and platelets leading to massive hemorrhage
ecchymoses
bruises from superficial bleeding into the skin
electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)
machine that measures electrical activity imposed by ions on cardiac cells
embolic stroke
dislodged emboli from distant sites, travels to the brain and causes obstruction and occlude small arteries
embolus
any plug of material, such as thrombi (clots), air, neoplasms, microorganisms, or amniotic fluid, that travels in the circulation and can obstruct the lumen of a vessel
fibrinolysis
the dissolution of clots
heart failure
reflects an inadequacy of heart pumping so that the heart fails to maintain blood circulation
heart rate (HR)
the number of heartbeats that occur in 1 minute
hematoma
collection of blood outside a blood vessel
hemiparesis
weakness on one side of the body
hemiplegia
paralysis involving one arm and one leg on the same side of the body
hemorrhage
the loss of blood through the vessel wall
hemorrhagic stroke
cerebral bleeding caused by trauma or defects in the cerebral vessels
homans sign
a test of foot dorsiflexion, which, in the presence of deep vein thrombosis, causes pain in the back of the lower leg
homocysteine
plays a role in coagulation; derived primarily from a dietary amino acid found in animal protein
hypercholesterolemia
high blood cholesterol level
hypertension
elevated blood pressure commonly defined by a systolic pressure above 120 mm HG or a diastolic pressure above 80 mm HG
hypertensive crisis
rapid and severe elevation in blood pressure
hypotension
a condition of reduced blood pressure
hypovolemic shock
the result of inadequate blood/plasma volume
infarction
blood supply obstruction
left heart failure
the left ventricle is unable to effectively meet cardiovascular demands, forward movement of blood through the circulation is inhibited, and fluid accumulates in the lung tissues
myocardial infarction
total occlusion of coronary arteries resulting in ischemia and death of myocardial tissues; also called a heart attack
myocardial ischemia
occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by a buildup of plaques (atherosclerosis)
neurogenic shock
a result of brain or spinal cord injury in which altered neural transmission leads to a loss of tension in the blood vessels, allowing unregulated vasodilation, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, and reduced blood pressure; oxygenated blood is not shunted to vital organs, and perfusion to vital organs is reduced
perfusion
a passage of blood or other fluid through a vessel and into the vascular bed of a tissue to provide oxygen and other nutrients
petechiae
pinpoint hemorrhages of the skin or mucous membranes
primary hypertension
develops gradually over many years; majority of individuals are diagnosed; also called essential hypertension
pulmonary edema
condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs
purpura
the presence of diffuse hemorrhages of the skin or mucous membranes
right heart failure
impaired the heart’s ability to move deoxygenated blood forward to the pulmonary circulation, resulting in congestion of blood backward into the systemic circulation
secondary hypertension
high blood pressure that is a manifestation of another condition, such as a narrowing of the aorta (coarctation) or kidney disease
septic shock
a condition of altered perfusion by shock as the result of overwhelming systemic infection, often with gram-negative bacteria (the endotoxin component) leading to inadequate perfusion of vital organs
stroke
any clinical event, such as shock, cerebral hemorrhage, ischemia, or infarction, that leads to the impairment of cerebral circulation
thrombocytopenia
abnormally low number of platelets
thrombosis
formation of a blood clot
thrombotic stroke
caused by occlusions of cerebral arteries, often from atherosclerosis
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
term used to describe a period of transient neurological dysfunction and focal transient neurological symptoms with a risk of permanent neurological injury and stroke
venous stasis
stagnation of blood in the veins with reduced venous return
anorexia
loss of appetite
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low and unhealthy body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, body image distortion, and amenorrhea
celiac disease
also called gluten-sensitive enteropathy; a disorder of gluten malabsorption caused by a T-cell-mediated hypersensitivity to gluten in persons who are genetically predisposed to developing this condition
food allergies
immune system-mediated adverse reactions to foods; most triggered by eggs, peanuts, milk, sort, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, and wheat
iron-deficiency anemia
a problem of hemoglobin and red blood cell development caused by inadequate iron stores
malabsorption syndrome
a condition in which several nutrients are not adequately absorbed
obesity
a state of excessive body fat in which the body mass index is greater than 30
overnutrition
overconsumption of nutrients causing adverse health effects
phenylketonuria (PKU)
an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the PAH gene, which provides the instructions for making the enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH); results when a PAH deficiency impairs the body’s ability to metabolize phenylalanine, an essential amino acid
pica
compulsion or craving to eat nonfood substances, such as dirt or clay, that is generally a symptom of underlying disease
undernutrition
a lack of intake of nutrients most often related to inadequate calorie consumption, inadequate intake of essential vitamins and minerals, or problems with digestion, absorption, or distribution of nutrients in the body
anuria
kidneys are no longer producing urine causing no urinary output
appendicitis
result of trapped fecal material in the appendix, causing an inflammatory response, followed by infection
bowel obstruction
due to a space-occupying lesion, which blocks the intestinal lumen, either partially or totally; common space-occupying lesions include tumors, polyps, and impacted feces
constipation
absent or incomplete bowel movement; may represent a consequence of impaired gastrointestinal mobility or obstruction
costovertebral angle (CVA)
anatomic area including the lower abdomen anteriorly and posteriorly; site of associated dermatomes of the kidney
defecation
the process of stool elimination
diarrhea
loose, watery stools
diverticula
abnormal small sacs or pouches along the colon wall; singular is diverticulum
diverticulitis
inflammation of the diverticula
diverticulosis
condition characterized by the presence of diverticula
enuresis
urinary incontinence; inability to voluntarily prevent the discharge of urine
frank
visible blood in the stool
functional fecal incontinence
condition of repetitive, voluntary or involuntary, passage of stool in inappropriate places in children 4 years of age and older; may be classified as retentive or nonretentive
functional incontinence
unintentional loosing of urine; characterized by normal bladder control coupled with an impaired ability to transport toilet facilities
hematuria
blood in the urine
hemorrhoids
a swollen vein or group of veins in the region of the anus
incontinence
a lack of voluntary control over urination or defecation
meconium
infant’s first stool (feces); represents the digestion of amniotic fluid and is sterile, black, sticky and odorless
melena
black stool (feces) indicative of upper gastrointestinal bleeding
nocturia
frequent urination at night
occult
hidden blood in the stool that is not visible with the naked eye
paralytic ileus
inactive intestinal muscles producing blockage or obstruction of the intestine
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of circular muscle fibers in hollow organs; promotes forward movement of contents
pyelonephritis
infection and subsequent inflammation of the kidneys
steatorrhea
stool containing large amounts of fat; may be caused by absence of bile acids or gastrointestinal malabsorption
urinary incontinence
accidental or involuntary urination
urolithiasis
development of calculi in the urinary system
aging
gradual deterioration of mature organism resulting from time-dependent, irreversible changes in structure
Alzheimer disease
most common neurodegenerative disorder and most frequent cause of dementia in older adults, affecting nearly 6 million people in the US; interferes with cognitive and social functioning
apoptosis
programmed cell death that is prompted by a genetic signal to rid the body of unwanted cells or those that are damaged beyond repair; also called “cellular suicide”
atrophy
decrease in cell size
calcitonin
hormone promoting the deposition of calcium and phosphate in bone; produced primarily by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
menopausal bone loss
rapid phase of bone loss in women after menopause
neurofibrillary tangles
twisted, helical structure of accumulated proteins, primarily including tau; commonly associated with Alzheimer’s disease
osteopenia
reduced calcification of skeletal bone mass; precursor to osteoporosis
osteoporosis
condition characterized by decreased bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue; associated with increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture
sarcopenia
loss of skeletal muscle associated with aging
diabetes mellitus
a disorder of the body’s metabolism of protein, fats, and carbohydrates because of an absolute lack of insulin or insulin resistance
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
a problem of deficient insulin and severe hyperglycemia leading to a state of metabolic acidosis and severe osmotic diuresis; occurs most commonly in those with type 1 diabetes
gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
any degree of glucose intolerance that occurs during pregnancy; usually temporary
hyperglycemia
elevated blood glucose levels
hypoglycemia
low blood glucose levels
insulin
an anabolic hormone required for the uptake of glucose by many cells, particularly adipocytes and those of the liver and muscles
insulin resistance
reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin
ketoacidosis
a state of metabolic acidosis, which signifies that the body is accessing fat and protein sources for energy and is releasing highly acidic ketones in the process
Kussmaul respirations
deep, rapid respirations that present as a compensatory measure to release excess acids through the lungs and into the atmosphere
metabolic syndrome
condition that includes insulin resistance and a constellation of other metabolic problems, including obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, hypertension, and coronary heart disease
neuropathy
disorder of peripheral nerves causing weakness, numbness and tingling
polydipsia
a state of excessive thirst
polyphagia
a state of excessive hunger
polyuria
frequent, large volume urination
retinopathy
a problem of degenerative changes in small vessels of the retinas (eyes)
type 1 diabetes mellitus
a chronic problem of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism due to absolute or significant insulin deficiency
type 2 diabetes mellitus
a problem of insulin resistance (reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin) and a reduction in adequate insulin secretion
