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ZO364 Human Pathophysiology > Patho Final Vocab (chs. 16-20) > Flashcards

Patho Final Vocab (chs. 16-20) Flashcards

1
Q

altered perfusion

A

the inability to adequately oxygenate tissues at the capillary level

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2
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

a condition of impaired tissue perfusion from severe allergic reaction because of a massive immune (type 1 or IgE-mediated) hypersensitivity response

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3
Q

anemia

A

condition characterized by deficiency of red blood cells and subsequent oxygen resulting in pallor and tiredness

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4
Q

angina pextoris

A

chest pain or pressure that is intermittent and associated with myocardial ischemia, a reduction in blood flow to the coronary arteries caused by atherosclerosis often accompanied by vasospasm

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5
Q

aphasia

A

language impairment; commonly caused by a stroke

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6
Q

ataxia

A

inability to control balance

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7
Q

atherosclerosis

A

a condition of irregularly distributed lipid deposits in the inner lining (intima) of large or medium arteries

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8
Q

blood pressure

A

the pressure or tension of the blood within the systemic blood vessels, usually measured in an artery

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9
Q

c-reactive protein

A

a nonspecific acute phase protein that is produced by the liver in response to tissue injury and is a marker of inflammation

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10
Q

cardiac dysrhythmias

A

a category of problems with maintaining an efficient heart rhythm, such as impairments of the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, cardiac cells that join the SA and AV nodes, or conduction systems in the atria or ventricles

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11
Q

cardiac output

A

the volume of blood pumped from the ventricles in 1 minute; the heart rate multiplied by the stroke volume and measured in liters per minute

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12
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

the result of inadequate or ineffective cardiac pumping

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13
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

stroke; an acute neurological injury that results from pathogenic events such as shock, cerebral hemorrhage, ischemia, or infarction, leading to cerebral circulation impairment

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14
Q

circulation

A

the continuous movement of blood throughout the body, driven by the pumping action of the heart

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15
Q

congestive heart failure

A

occurs when the left ventricle of the heart is ineffective and blood backs up into the pulmonary vein and subsequently into the lung tissues; results in pulmonary edema’ also called left heart failure

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16
Q

cor pulmonale

A

right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary hypertension (high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries)

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17
Q

coronary circulation

A

considered part of the systemic circulatory network; singled out primarily because the heart is the pump that pushes oxygenated blood to the rest of the body

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18
Q

coronary heart disease

A

a term used to identify any problem of impaired coronary circulation

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19
Q

diplopia

A

double vision

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20
Q

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

A

a condition of uncontrolled activation of clotting factors that results in widespread thrombi formation, followed by the depletion of coagulation factors and platelets leading to massive hemorrhage

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21
Q

ecchymoses

A

bruises from superficial bleeding into the skin

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22
Q

electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)

A

machine that measures electrical activity imposed by ions on cardiac cells

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23
Q

embolic stroke

A

dislodged emboli from distant sites, travels to the brain and causes obstruction and occlude small arteries

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24
Q

embolus

A

any plug of material, such as thrombi (clots), air, neoplasms, microorganisms, or amniotic fluid, that travels in the circulation and can obstruct the lumen of a vessel

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25
Q

fibrinolysis

A

the dissolution of clots

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26
Q

heart failure

A

reflects an inadequacy of heart pumping so that the heart fails to maintain blood circulation

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27
Q

heart rate (HR)

A

the number of heartbeats that occur in 1 minute

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28
Q

hematoma

A

collection of blood outside a blood vessel

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29
Q

hemiparesis

A

weakness on one side of the body

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30
Q

hemiplegia

A

paralysis involving one arm and one leg on the same side of the body

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31
Q

hemorrhage

A

the loss of blood through the vessel wall

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32
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

cerebral bleeding caused by trauma or defects in the cerebral vessels

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33
Q

homans sign

A

a test of foot dorsiflexion, which, in the presence of deep vein thrombosis, causes pain in the back of the lower leg

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34
Q

homocysteine

A

plays a role in coagulation; derived primarily from a dietary amino acid found in animal protein

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35
Q

hypercholesterolemia

A

high blood cholesterol level

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36
Q

hypertension

A

elevated blood pressure commonly defined by a systolic pressure above 120 mm HG or a diastolic pressure above 80 mm HG

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37
Q

hypertensive crisis

A

rapid and severe elevation in blood pressure

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38
Q

hypotension

A

a condition of reduced blood pressure

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39
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

the result of inadequate blood/plasma volume

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40
Q

infarction

A

blood supply obstruction

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41
Q

left heart failure

A

the left ventricle is unable to effectively meet cardiovascular demands, forward movement of blood through the circulation is inhibited, and fluid accumulates in the lung tissues

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42
Q

myocardial infarction

A

total occlusion of coronary arteries resulting in ischemia and death of myocardial tissues; also called a heart attack

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43
Q

myocardial ischemia

A

occurs when blood flow to the heart muscle (myocardium) is obstructed by a partial or complete blockage of a coronary artery by a buildup of plaques (atherosclerosis)

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44
Q

neurogenic shock

A

a result of brain or spinal cord injury in which altered neural transmission leads to a loss of tension in the blood vessels, allowing unregulated vasodilation, decreased peripheral vascular resistance, and reduced blood pressure; oxygenated blood is not shunted to vital organs, and perfusion to vital organs is reduced

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45
Q

perfusion

A

a passage of blood or other fluid through a vessel and into the vascular bed of a tissue to provide oxygen and other nutrients

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46
Q

petechiae

A

pinpoint hemorrhages of the skin or mucous membranes

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47
Q

primary hypertension

A

develops gradually over many years; majority of individuals are diagnosed; also called essential hypertension

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48
Q

pulmonary edema

A

condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs

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49
Q

purpura

A

the presence of diffuse hemorrhages of the skin or mucous membranes

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50
Q

right heart failure

A

impaired the heart’s ability to move deoxygenated blood forward to the pulmonary circulation, resulting in congestion of blood backward into the systemic circulation

51
Q

secondary hypertension

A

high blood pressure that is a manifestation of another condition, such as a narrowing of the aorta (coarctation) or kidney disease

52
Q

septic shock

A

a condition of altered perfusion by shock as the result of overwhelming systemic infection, often with gram-negative bacteria (the endotoxin component) leading to inadequate perfusion of vital organs

53
Q

stroke

A

any clinical event, such as shock, cerebral hemorrhage, ischemia, or infarction, that leads to the impairment of cerebral circulation

54
Q

thrombocytopenia

A

abnormally low number of platelets

55
Q

thrombosis

A

formation of a blood clot

56
Q

thrombotic stroke

A

caused by occlusions of cerebral arteries, often from atherosclerosis

57
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

term used to describe a period of transient neurological dysfunction and focal transient neurological symptoms with a risk of permanent neurological injury and stroke

58
Q

venous stasis

A

stagnation of blood in the veins with reduced venous return

59
Q

anorexia

A

loss of appetite

60
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low and unhealthy body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, body image distortion, and amenorrhea

61
Q

celiac disease

A

also called gluten-sensitive enteropathy; a disorder of gluten malabsorption caused by a T-cell-mediated hypersensitivity to gluten in persons who are genetically predisposed to developing this condition

62
Q

food allergies

A

immune system-mediated adverse reactions to foods; most triggered by eggs, peanuts, milk, sort, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, and wheat

63
Q

iron-deficiency anemia

A

a problem of hemoglobin and red blood cell development caused by inadequate iron stores

64
Q

malabsorption syndrome

A

a condition in which several nutrients are not adequately absorbed

65
Q

obesity

A

a state of excessive body fat in which the body mass index is greater than 30

66
Q

overnutrition

A

overconsumption of nutrients causing adverse health effects

67
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a mutation in the PAH gene, which provides the instructions for making the enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH); results when a PAH deficiency impairs the body’s ability to metabolize phenylalanine, an essential amino acid

68
Q

pica

A

compulsion or craving to eat nonfood substances, such as dirt or clay, that is generally a symptom of underlying disease

69
Q

undernutrition

A

a lack of intake of nutrients most often related to inadequate calorie consumption, inadequate intake of essential vitamins and minerals, or problems with digestion, absorption, or distribution of nutrients in the body

70
Q

anuria

A

kidneys are no longer producing urine causing no urinary output

71
Q

appendicitis

A

result of trapped fecal material in the appendix, causing an inflammatory response, followed by infection

72
Q

bowel obstruction

A

due to a space-occupying lesion, which blocks the intestinal lumen, either partially or totally; common space-occupying lesions include tumors, polyps, and impacted feces

73
Q

constipation

A

absent or incomplete bowel movement; may represent a consequence of impaired gastrointestinal mobility or obstruction

74
Q

costovertebral angle (CVA)

A

anatomic area including the lower abdomen anteriorly and posteriorly; site of associated dermatomes of the kidney

75
Q

defecation

A

the process of stool elimination

76
Q

diarrhea

A

loose, watery stools

77
Q

diverticula

A

abnormal small sacs or pouches along the colon wall; singular is diverticulum

78
Q

diverticulitis

A

inflammation of the diverticula

79
Q

diverticulosis

A

condition characterized by the presence of diverticula

80
Q

enuresis

A

urinary incontinence; inability to voluntarily prevent the discharge of urine

81
Q

frank

A

visible blood in the stool

82
Q

functional fecal incontinence

A

condition of repetitive, voluntary or involuntary, passage of stool in inappropriate places in children 4 years of age and older; may be classified as retentive or nonretentive

83
Q

functional incontinence

A

unintentional loosing of urine; characterized by normal bladder control coupled with an impaired ability to transport toilet facilities

84
Q

hematuria

A

blood in the urine

85
Q

hemorrhoids

A

a swollen vein or group of veins in the region of the anus

86
Q

incontinence

A

a lack of voluntary control over urination or defecation

87
Q

meconium

A

infant’s first stool (feces); represents the digestion of amniotic fluid and is sterile, black, sticky and odorless

88
Q

melena

A

black stool (feces) indicative of upper gastrointestinal bleeding

89
Q

nocturia

A

frequent urination at night

90
Q

occult

A

hidden blood in the stool that is not visible with the naked eye

91
Q

paralytic ileus

A

inactive intestinal muscles producing blockage or obstruction of the intestine

92
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic contractions of circular muscle fibers in hollow organs; promotes forward movement of contents

93
Q

pyelonephritis

A

infection and subsequent inflammation of the kidneys

94
Q

steatorrhea

A

stool containing large amounts of fat; may be caused by absence of bile acids or gastrointestinal malabsorption

95
Q

urinary incontinence

A

accidental or involuntary urination

96
Q

urolithiasis

A

development of calculi in the urinary system

97
Q

aging

A

gradual deterioration of mature organism resulting from time-dependent, irreversible changes in structure

98
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

most common neurodegenerative disorder and most frequent cause of dementia in older adults, affecting nearly 6 million people in the US; interferes with cognitive and social functioning

99
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death that is prompted by a genetic signal to rid the body of unwanted cells or those that are damaged beyond repair; also called “cellular suicide”

100
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in cell size

101
Q

calcitonin

A

hormone promoting the deposition of calcium and phosphate in bone; produced primarily by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

102
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

103
Q

menopausal bone loss

A

rapid phase of bone loss in women after menopause

104
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A

twisted, helical structure of accumulated proteins, primarily including tau; commonly associated with Alzheimer’s disease

105
Q

osteopenia

A

reduced calcification of skeletal bone mass; precursor to osteoporosis

106
Q

osteoporosis

A

condition characterized by decreased bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue; associated with increased bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture

107
Q

sarcopenia

A

loss of skeletal muscle associated with aging

108
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

a disorder of the body’s metabolism of protein, fats, and carbohydrates because of an absolute lack of insulin or insulin resistance

109
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

a problem of deficient insulin and severe hyperglycemia leading to a state of metabolic acidosis and severe osmotic diuresis; occurs most commonly in those with type 1 diabetes

110
Q

gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)

A

any degree of glucose intolerance that occurs during pregnancy; usually temporary

111
Q

hyperglycemia

A

elevated blood glucose levels

112
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low blood glucose levels

113
Q

insulin

A

an anabolic hormone required for the uptake of glucose by many cells, particularly adipocytes and those of the liver and muscles

114
Q

insulin resistance

A

reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin

115
Q

ketoacidosis

A

a state of metabolic acidosis, which signifies that the body is accessing fat and protein sources for energy and is releasing highly acidic ketones in the process

116
Q

Kussmaul respirations

A

deep, rapid respirations that present as a compensatory measure to release excess acids through the lungs and into the atmosphere

117
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

condition that includes insulin resistance and a constellation of other metabolic problems, including obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, hypertension, and coronary heart disease

118
Q

neuropathy

A

disorder of peripheral nerves causing weakness, numbness and tingling

119
Q

polydipsia

A

a state of excessive thirst

120
Q

polyphagia

A

a state of excessive hunger

121
Q

polyuria

A

frequent, large volume urination

122
Q

retinopathy

A

a problem of degenerative changes in small vessels of the retinas (eyes)

123
Q

type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

a chronic problem of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism due to absolute or significant insulin deficiency

124
Q

type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

a problem of insulin resistance (reduced tissue sensitivity to insulin) and a reduction in adequate insulin secretion

ZO364 Human Pathophysiology (2 decks)

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