Test 2 Study needs Flashcards
What are nucleotide analogs and what microbes/infections are they good treatments against?
- Distorts shapes of nucleic acids, changing their effect
- Used against viruses.
What are the basic viral shapes?
Helical/Tube, Polyhedral/Flat sided ball, Spherical/ball, Complex/phage
What are the types of viral genomes
Single and double stranded, linear, and circular.
What pathogen can contaminate improperly canned foods? and how does it cause infection?
Clostridium species, releases toxins in the colon.
Name two microbiomes in the body and know the roles that microbiomes play in health
Bacteroides and Treponema. The role they play is help digest food, prevent against infection, and maintain reproductive health.
What is dysbiosis
persistent imbalance in microbial community.
What would happen if there dysbiosis in the body, list examples.
Gut reproductive axis: Infertility.
Gut bladder: Urinary tract infection.
What are virulence factors?
Strategy or product employed by pathogen to cause infection.
What are some examples of virulence factors
Adhesion factors, toxins, extracellular enzymes.
What do toxins do? Give an example
Harm tissue or trigger host immune responses that damage. Endo/exotoxin.
What are the five stages of infectious disease?
Incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence.
What 3 things lead to high rates of healthcare-associated infections?
Commonality, requires aggressive monitoring, not using precautions.
What are the steps of phagocytosis?
1.) Bacteria binds to phagocytic cell
2.) Phagocyte extends pseudopods and engulfs the bacteria.
3.) Invagination of phagocyte traps organism
4.) Lysosome fuses and deposits enzyme, cleans macromolecule, destroys cell.
What is inflammation?
A localized condition where the body part becomes red, swollen, and hot.
What do Basophils do?
Allergic response, release toxins, and chemical signal molecules.
What do eosinophils do?
Target parasites, releases toxins, chemical signal molecules.
What do Macrophages do?
Phagocytosis, present antigens on cell surface to t-cells.
What do Dendritic cells
Present antigens on cell surface to T-cells
If there is a increased number of neutrophils, what does this indicate? Lymphocytes? Eosinophils? Basophils? WBC in general?
Bacterial infection, Viral infection, Parasitic infection, Allergy, Allergy/Infection.
What other processes is inflammation associated with and how can this help fight an infection?
Vasodilation-Neutrophil/macrophage arrive to infected tissue.
Fever-Pathogens struggle at high temps
Cytokine Production: Chemical signals(Batman signal)
