Test 2 RT Flashcards
Tell me about the hearts pump system.
The heart is a 2 pump system. The small pump on the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and back to the heart and the larger stronger pump on the left pumps blood throughout the remainder of the body. Also it is a closed system.
What is the passage of blood in the heart starting from the body?
From the BODY through the superior vena cava to the RIGHT ATRIUM to RIGHT VENTRICLE to the LUNGS via the pulmonary arteries then back into the heart to the LEFT ATRIUM then the LEFT VENTRICLE to the body from the aorta
What is are the muscular cells of the heart called?
Myocardial
What is afterload?
Pressure that the ventricles must create to eject the blood out of themselves into the aorta or pulminary artery
What happens if an animal has hypertension?
Arteries are smaller
Harder to push blood into the vessels
Little pressure and more force
What are examples of sodium channel blocker antiarrhythmic drugs?
Lidocaine, Quinidine, Procainamide
LQP
Talk to me about Lidocaine
Lidocaine selectively decreases firing of ectopic focus cells without significantly depressing the function of the normal conduction system.
Cats should be given this at lower dosages as they are more sensitive to the side effects
What trade name works similar to lidocaine but can be given orally?
mexiletine
Talk to me about Quinidine and Procainamide
They control both ventricular ectopic foci and atrial flutter or fibrillation, Injectable procainamide may be seen in small animals occasionally.
Quinidine may be seen in use to control artial fibrillation in horses
What are antiarrhythmic beta blockers?
drugs that block beta 1 sympathetic nervous system receptors on the heart leading the parasympathetic nervous system effects to dominate
They basically calm down the heart from beating too fast.
overtime we will see upregulation where the animal becomes resistant to the effects of the drug
Examples of antiarrhythmic beta blockers.
Propranolol - non selective
Atenolol - hypertension, feline cardiomyopathy
Carvedilol - general
Metoprolol - cardiomyopathy in cast
Esmolol - short acting
PACME
Pacmen
What two antiarrhythmic beta blockers are used to treat cardiomyopathy in cats?
Atenolol and Metoprolol
What are example of calcium channel blockers?
What are they used to treat?
What is the problem with them?
Verapamil and Diltiazem.
Treatment of supracenticular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter
The problem is they decrease the strength of heart muscle contraction
VD view to see calcium channel blockers
What do positive inotropes do?
They increase the strength of contraction of a weakened heart.
What is an example of a vasoldilator and positive inotropic drug? What is its purpose?
Pimobendan: Vetmedin
it increases calcium binging with the contractile elements resulting in a more effective contraction of cardiac muscle cell
What is the purpose of vasodilators?
These drugs are used to relieve some of the cardiac workload
o Opening constricted sphincters
o Decreasing resistance to flow
o Making it easier for the heart to pump blood through vessels
Also most of them work by blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
What are the three classification of Vasodilators?
Arterial, Venous, and Mixed
What are examples of Arterial Vasodilators and what do they do?
Amlodipine
- hypertension in dogs and cat (secondary to kidney disease)
Hyralazine
- mitral valve disease
What are examples of Venous Vasodilators and what do they do?
Nitroglycerin
- primarily relaxes blood vessels on the venous side of circulation. It treats pulmonary edema secondary to heart failure
- wear gloves with this one
Ignore my brain
Venous is venomous so wear gloves with nitroglycerin
What are example of Mixed Vasodilators and what do they do?
Nitroprusside
- short term use to help stabalize dogs and cats
- potent
Ace inhibitors such as Enacard (enalapril), Fortekor (Benazepril), Prilium
List three ace inhibitors and their trade names
Enalapril - trade name: Enacard
Benazepril - trade name: Fortekor
tradename prilium
either end or start with pril?
What is an ARB?
Angiotension Receptor Blocker
example is Semintra (what buddy takes)
- used to used to treat arterial hypertension and reduce proteinuria in cats
its used for hypertension in cats
Discuss vasoconstriction.
Vasoconstriction is a protective mechanism. It happens in a small part of the circulatory system aka the arterioles (small arteries which are located between the arteries and the capillaries).
The arterioles contain one or two layers of smooth muscle that can squeeze the vessels
What is the trade name for Acetylaicylic Acid?
Aspirin