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ES295 > Test #2 Revision > Flashcards

Test #2 Revision Flashcards

1
Q

3 kinds of economic impacts (skateboard)

A
  1. direct
  2. indirect
  3. induced
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2
Q

paying a motel owner would be which type of economic impact?

A

DIRECT - money is going into the local economy via initial tourism spending

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3
Q

the hotel owner buying a skateboard would be which type of economic impact?

A

INDUCED - recirculation of that dollar within a community

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4
Q

the hotel owner purchases food to feed you - which type of economic impact is this?

A

INDIRECT - money is being spent for the tourist’s needs

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5
Q

name some examples of positive economic impacts of tourism

A
  • increased employment service sector jobs
    -provides business opportunities
  • multiplier effect
  • diversification of economy
  • B2B partnerships
  • encouraging regional, national investment
  • higher standard of living
  • improved local economy
  • housing development
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6
Q

how would you describe the multiplier effect?

A

indicates the influence of national income generated by the influence of the tourism expenditure on the activity of ht productive sectors.

Positive feedback loop where money is re-circulated and benefits local economies.

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7
Q

Name a few big negative impacts of tourism?

A
  • large monetary investment (hard infrastructure, logistics, marketing, financial
  • increased cost of living
  • marginal employment
  • uncontrolled growth
  • demand on public facilities
  • vulnerability to shifts if over-dependent
  • economic leakage
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8
Q

what is this definition? “____ occurs when money is not being used elsewhere in the economy”

A

economic leakage

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9
Q

what is this definition? “_____” occurs when tourist demand standards of equipment, food and other products that the host company cannot supply”

A

import leakage

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10
Q

What is this definition? “_____ occurs when overseas investors who finance the restore and hotels take profits back to their country of origin”

A

export leakage

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11
Q

A US-based country operates and owns a hotel in Spain - what type of economic leakage is this?

A

export leakage - the money is being sent OUT

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12
Q

a resort in the Maldives is offering tourists a rare wine from Australia - what kind of economic leakage is this?

A

import leakage - they brought it IN

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13
Q

what is this definition? “_____ is deceptive marketing in which a product, service, or company is presented as being superior in terms of climate change and the environment without providing sufficient evidence to support these claims”

A

greenwashing!

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14
Q

What is this an example of? “travellers go on a tour that’s more harmful than stated”

A

greenwashing!

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15
Q

What is this an example of? “Branding has been done to convey a message that this new product is eco-friendly…but it isn’t”

A

greenwashing!!

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16
Q

Companies do this to claim they support a worthy, environmentally-benefitting, cause…

A

greenwashing!

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17
Q

is it greenwashing if it’s unintentional?

A

YES

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18
Q

these are all impacts of what? “_____” causes customers suffering, businesses to jeopardize the credibility of their future products, and cause consumers to be unable to make enviro. conscious decisions”

A

Greeeeeenwashing!

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19
Q

___ is the use of words/terms that have no clear meaning (e.g. “eco-friendly”) (GREENWASHING)

A

Fluffy language

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20
Q

an efficient lightbulb being made in a factory that pollutes rivers would be an example of ______. (GREENWASHING)

A

Green products versus dirty company

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21
Q

green pictures that indicate an (un-justified) green impact, like flowers out of an exhaust pipe, would be an example of what? (GREENWASHING)

A

Suggestive pictures

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22
Q

emphasizing one time green attribute when everything else is NOT green…. (GREENWASHING)

A

irrelevant claims

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23
Q

declaring you are greener than the rest or that you’re…… ______ (GREENWASHING)

A

best-in-class

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24
Q

the falsification of pillars or criteria for ecotourism is an example of….

A

greenWaShING!

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25
Q

there’s 4 “images” under the heading “Destination Image Formation” - what are they? (you can do this, it’s not hard)

A
  1. projected/induced image
  2. organic image
  3. naive image
  4. reevaluated image
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26
Q

a naive image is a combination of two other images - what ARE THEY

A

projected/induced image and organic image - a naive image is made before you visit a destination where a reevaluated image is after you visit

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27
Q

what’s this definition? “when something is purposefully presented to “look” real but there’s an element of simulaclara/image” (____ authenticity)

A

staged authenticity

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28
Q

what’s this definition? “distinct experiences, fits with cultural heritage of local/regional environment” (_____ authenticity)

A

genuine/real authenticity

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29
Q

is this official marketing of USA or Costa Rica? “activity-based”

A

USA

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30
Q

is this official marketing of USA or Costa Rica? “serene beaches, eco-lux”

A

Costa Rica

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31
Q

these are points under “official images” of which country? Australia, CR or USA? “outdoor adventure and pristine images of outdoor spaces, ecotourism entrepreneurs highlighted”

A

Australia

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32
Q

these are points under “official images” of which country? Australia, CR or USA? “eco-chic and eco-adventure marketing, pristine and protected nature, no human interaction, active shots of nature, no crows or damage”

A

CR

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33
Q

these are points under “official images” of which country? Australia, CR or USA? “protected areas, eco-friendly, activity-based, “green tourism”

A

USA

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34
Q

these are points under “UN-official marketing” of which country? Australia, CR or USA? “pristine, uncrowded nature, eco-adventure, insta-worthy shots”

A

USA

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35
Q

these are points under “UN-official marketing” of which country? Australia, CR or USA? “pristine nature, serene scenes, fine co-viewing, wildlife viewing”

A

CR

36
Q

these are points under “UN-official marketing” of which country? Australia, CR or USA? “serene images, lacking people, only staged animal shots”

A

Australia

37
Q

Kangaroo ISLAND has been called what?

A

Galapagos of Australia

38
Q

Foreign exchange earnings,
Employment generation,
increased expenditure and monetary flow, and
creation of demand in other sections of the economy …
are examples of what kind of economic benefits?

A

Macro-economic benefits

39
Q

What’s the definition? “Gross domestic product” (reveals nothing about the change in the condition of the natural environment to achieve economic growth)

A

GDP

40
Q

What’s the definition? “Gross national product” refines GDP and includes incomes earned by domestic residents from foreign investments - shows everything bought and sold but ignores emotional metrics

A

GNP

41
Q

What’s the definition? “when tourists pay remittances to tour operators and airlines that are foreign to the country they are visiting”

A

pre-leakage factor

42
Q

What’s the definition? “consequences (benefits or costs) of actions (consumption, production or exchange) that are not borne by the decision-maker, and hence to not influence his/her actions

A

externalities

43
Q

this is often called ‘green taxation’

A

PPP polluter pays principle

44
Q

What’s the definition? “those emitting (pollution) should bear costs”

A

PPP polluter pays principle

45
Q

Naaaaaame that acronym! WTP

A

Willingness to Pay

46
Q

Naaaaaame that acronym! TCM

A

Travel-cost method: indirect, noting what people spend on travelling to recreational sites like national parks

47
Q

The use of revenues obtained from tourism in national parks is varied but includes funding for… (4)

A
  1. conservation of natural resources
    2) infrastructure development
    3) scientific research
    4) creating employment and livelihood opportunities
48
Q

What’s the definition?? “term used to differentiate a different paradigm from the old ‘brown economy’”

A

Green economy

49
Q

a green economy is characterized as… (3)

A

low carbon,
resource-efficient,
socially inclusive

50
Q

what type of economy holds the view that material wealth should not be created through increasing environmental risks, ecological scarcities and social inequalities? (hint: colour)

A

green economy!

51
Q

What’s the definition?? “a clearly defined geographical space that is recognized, dedicated and managed through legal or other effective means to achieve long-term conservation of nature and associated ecosystem services and cultural values”

A

Protected area

52
Q

What’s the definition?? “one of the most recognizable protected areas… there’s 48 in Canada”

A

National Parks

53
Q

NAaaaAME THAT PARK TYPE: it’s like a National park in purpose but it’s managed by a different… thing

A

Provincial Park

54
Q

the three motives for ecotourism in the Galapagos

A

mechanical reproduction, colonialism, fantasy

55
Q

Let’s play “Where’s this National Park?”
‘Tsingy de Bemaraha National Park’

A

Madagascar

56
Q

How many protected areas are there in Madagascar?

A

144, 92 managed by NGO’s –> tons of reliance on foreign aid

57
Q

3 main types of tourism in Madagascar…

A

Adventure-based
nature-based
volunteer

58
Q

Let’s play “Where’s this National Park?”
Kootenay

A

Rocky Mountain Parks

59
Q

Let’s play “Where’s this National Park?”
Yoho

A

Rocky Mountain Parks

60
Q

Let’s play “Where’s this Protected Area?”
Kananakis County

A

Rocky Mountain Parks

61
Q

they close a buncha roads May 1-Jun 1 to let the wildlife not get hit by cars and a bunch of people bike on it. What’s it called?

A

Bow Valley Closures

62
Q

NAME THAT DECADE (-ECADE…-CADE…-ADE…-DE)
environment was used for wealth creation, tourism was only for the elite

A

1950s

63
Q

NAME THAT DECADE (-ECADE…-CADE…-ADE…-DE)
now people have televisions and media access - they see that economic activity can destroy nature. There’s a quickening pace of ‘mass’ participation in international tourism, which is seen as a ‘clean and smokeless’ industry

A

1960s

64
Q

NAME THAT DECADE (-ECADE…-CADE…-ADE…-DE)
now people know fertilizers and pesticides SUCK and cause pollution - awareness of global warming in scientific circles

A

1970s

65
Q

NAME THAT DECADE (-ECADE…-CADE…-ADE…-DE)
Greenpace was formed

A

1970s

66
Q

NAME THAT DECADE (-ECADE…-CADE…-ADE…-DE)
tourism is now not a smokeless industry… same as Greenpeace

A

1970s

67
Q

NAME THAT DECADE (-ECADE…-CADE…-ADE…-DE)
global warming, acid rain, ozone depletion are now a thing - Chernobyl happened in Ukraine.

A

1980s

68
Q

NAME THAT DECADE (-ECADE…-CADE…-ADE…-DE)
tourism is viewed increasingly as a means for development by less economically developed countries.

A

1980s

69
Q

NAME THAT DECADE (-ECADE…-CADE…-ADE…-DE)
rise of environmental protests against GM crops, development and road buildings, loss of rainforests; increasing purchasing of organic food

A

1990s

70
Q

NAME THAT DECADE (-ECADE…-CADE…-ADE…-DE)
“eco warriors”
“sustainable tourism”
“ecotourism” a term used by stakeholders

A

1990s

71
Q

NAME THAT DECADE (-ECADE…-CADE…-ADE…-DE)
people started giving a fuck about indigenous and local communities

A

1990s

72
Q

NAME THAT DECADE (-ECADE…-CADE…-ADE…-DE)
global warming is now a political issue with heightened media coverage, scientific community is united that global warming is due to human activity. planes make pollution worse (tourism), and some destinations are susceptible to a rise a sea level

A

2000s

73
Q

NAME THAT DECADE (-ECADE…-CADE…-ADE…-DE)
disagreement over responsibilities for reducing GHGs - who’s problem is it?

A

2010s

74
Q

NAME THAT DECADE (-ECADE…-CADE…-ADE…-DE)
Tourism is now seen as a key economic sector to facilitate movement to a green economy, issues of sustainability and evidence of environmental management are now integrated into tourism industry practices

A

2010s

75
Q

is it hard to separate the environmental impacts from tourism and other factors? (Y/N)

A

Yes

76
Q

Holden says … 3 main negative impacts of tourism (R|H-B|Pol)

A

resource usage, human behaviour towards nature, and pollution

77
Q

Holden says… 4 kinds of pollution (W, N, A, A)
Walter noieds an aesthetician

A

Water
Noise
air
aesthetic

78
Q

Guess that abbreviation! “CPR”

A

Common pool resources

79
Q

what’s the definition? “characterized by the criteria of non-exclusion of use and exploitation where exclusion is impractical based on cost (or is costly)”

A

Common Pool Resources (CPR’s)

80
Q

T/F: piste preparation involves the removal of vegetation and land to a depth of 20cm to allow snow accumulation, causing ecosystem damage, visual pollution, increased avalanche risk, chance of mudslides

A

True

81
Q

T/F: artificial snow-making equipment doesn’t have any additives

A

False - it helps in crystallization.
(water and energy consumption, noise pollution and an additive.)

82
Q

T/F: Costal and inland wetlands account for 6% of world’s surface, acting as carbon-storage areas, local flood control (absorbs water at high rainfall and discharges it in a controlled way)

A

True

83
Q

T/F: Tepotzlan, Mexico is home to the GOA foundation

A

False - that’s India.
Tepotzlan protested against a golf-course, 5-star hotel, and 800 villas being made for tourists, would have used 525,000 gallons of water per day and left them with none

84
Q

T/F: In india, they protests against building on beaches, damaging dunes and the human sewage that was dumped in the waters

A

True - the Vigilant Goan’s Army and Goa Foundation had organized protests

85
Q

Naaaaaame the location of this protected area: ghitwan NationaL gAmE reserve …P lol

A

Nepal

86
Q

T/F: Lang Kai in Malaysia - compulsory reclaiming of land by the government. Displaced a whole whack of people

A

True

87
Q

Name that… haze?
regional pollution challenges - caused by a combination of photo-chemical pollution from traffic that overhands many SE Asian cities and the burning of rainforest in N Sumatra to clear land for palm oil production. Fear it’ll be an annual event. ASEAN made an agreement against the haze.

A

Asian Haze

ES295 (6 decks)

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